Hepatocyte-specificity was conferred by using the transthyretin (TTR)25 promoter. These mice were Selleck Ibrutinib then bred with

the AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice. Altogether, this breeding strategy yielded four lines of mice: (1) Klf6fl(+/+) mice (used as controls) with endogenous Klf6; (2) AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice with hepatocyte-specific Klf6 depletion and no SV1; (3) SV1 Klf6fl(+/+) mice with hepatocyte-specific SV1 overexpression and endogenous Klf6, and; (4) SV1 AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice with hepatocyte-specific SV1 overexpression on a background of Klf6 depletion. All mice appeared phenotypically normal (Supporting Fig. 1A,B), with normal liver architecture and no spontaneous tumorigenesis. Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of SV1 and endogenous KLF6 levels were validated in the SV1 Klf6fl(+/+) transgenics by immunoblot and immunostaining (Supporting Fig. 1C,D). Of note, due to an inverted distal LoxP site AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice have a partial Klf6 depletion and are effectively hypomorphic rather than complete knockouts (F. DeSauvage, pers. commun.; see Supporting Fig. 1C,D). To assess the propensity of each of these four mouse lines toward hepatocarcinogenesis, animals were injected with a single intraperitoneal dose (5 mg/kg) of DEN at 2 weeks of age,2 and tumor development was assessed at 3, 6, and

9 months JNK inhibitor and compared to nontransgenic littermates. At 3 months there were no macro- or microscopically visible tumors. At 6 months 57% (4/7) of the Klf6fl(+/+) controls had microscopic tumors compared to 83% (5/6) in the SV1 Klf6fl(+/+) transgenics and 100% of both the AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+)) (13/13) and the SV1 AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) (7/7) animals (not significant) (Supplemental Table 1). Tumors were significantly larger in the AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2A,B) and contained a significantly higher tumor grade in the SV1 Klf6fl(+/+) transgenics (P < 0.05) and even more so in SV1 AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice (P < 0.005) (Fig. 2C,D) at 6 months after DEN injection. These findings indicate that both

Klf6 depletion and SV1 overexpression independently promote tumorigenesis after DEN treatment by increasing the size and advancing the histologic grade of the tumors. The tumorigenic activities of Klf6 depletion and/or SV1 overexpression 上海皓元 at 6 months were more clearly evident at 9 months, with both more (Fig. 3A, P < 0.001; 3B, P < 0.05) and larger tumors (Fig. 3C, P < 0.05) in SV1 AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+) mice, resulting in a significantly greater tumor burden (Fig. 3D) and heavier livers (P < 0.01) (Supporting Fig. 2) than Klf6fl(+/+) controls. Interestingly, this trend was also observed in both Klf6-depleted mice (AlbCre Klf6fl(+/+)) and in SV1-transgenic mice (SV1 Klf6fl(+/+)), but only the combination of both defects led to an additive and significant effect, reinforcing the contribution of the SV1/Klf6 ratio in hepatocarcinogenesis.