Restoration of function was incomplete for the standard perimetry task and no recovery was observed in more demanding tasks. Removal of the posterior parietal cortex and contiguous visual areas produces an intractable deficit that is maintained so long as the lesion is complete (Wallace et al.,

1990; Rushmore et al., 2006). Visual function returns after the contralesional superior colliculus is deactivated or damaged (Sprague, 1966; Lomber et al., 2002), or when afferents to the contralateral Selleckchem PD 332991 superior colliculus are damaged or deactivated (Wallace et al., 1990; Durmer & Rosenquist, 2001; Lomber et al., 2002; Payne & Rushmore, 2004). The approach in this study was modeled after previous results that demonstrated that invasive cooling deactivation of the intact posterior middle suprasylvian selleck kinase inhibitor sulcus produced a restoration of function after unilateral lesion (Lomber et al., 2002). In the current study, cathodal tDCS was used to produce a deactivation but, given the weak current strength, effects were not immediate. Instead, a large number of repeated stimulation sessions were required to produce restoration

of function. In the three animals that recovered function, restoration only began after 10–20 sessions of tDCS. With an increasing number of tDCS sessions, performance to contralesional targets in the standard perimetry task progressively improved, reaching an initial peak at week 5 of stimulation. http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/MG132.html After week 5, performance dropped for another 1–2 weeks,

after which performance began to climb to reach plateau levels by week 10. The importance of multiple sessions on the efficacy and magnitude of non-invasive neurostimulation effects have been noted in intact animals and human participants (Valero-Cabré et al., 2008; Reis et al., 2009; Monte-Silva et al., 2013), in human subjects with depression (Boggio et al., 2008; Alonzo et al., 2012; Brunoni et al., 2012; Loo et al., 2012), and in similar animals models of focal brain damage (Afifi et al., 2013). Increasing sessions of cathodal tDCS also progressively elevates the number of neural stem cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine and Hes3 antibodies (Rueger et al., 2012). However, in humans cautionary measures have generally limited duration of stimulation to a maximum of 15 days (5 days a week; Loo et al., 2012), which is considerably less than the number of sessions applied in the current tDCS report and other similar animal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies (Valero-Cabré et al., 2008; Afifi et al., 2013). Overall, these data support the contention that, as for rTMS, the effectiveness of cathodal tDCS is related to the number of sessions, and that effects seen when tDCS is applied to clinical populations could be improved by increasing the number of stimulation sessions.