iii) Trichoderma citrinoviride strains S 25 and IMI 91968 are rich sources of 20-residue peptaibols of the paracelsin/saturnisporin/trichocellin/suzukacillin/trichoaureocin-type.

Selleck Ixazomib These are the only two strains of T. citrinoviride that have been investigated for peptaibiotics. Hypocrea schweinitzii ICMP 5421, which has also been verified phylogenetically (Réblová and Seifert 2004), had only been screened positive for Aib by GC/MS; but − to the best of the authors’ knowledge − specimens of that species have never been investigated for its inventory of peptaibiotics. Parcelsins, which have been isolated from T. reesei QM 9414, are also produced by a member of the Longibrachiatum clade. However,

the producer of saturnisporin (T. saturnisporum MNHN 903578: Rebuffat et al. 1993) has never been made publicly available, nor has its identity been verified phylogenetically. The producers of both trichocellins and suzukacillins A (Krause et al. 2006b) have not been deposited in a publicly available culture collection; thus, their identification as T. ‘viride’ is highly questionable.   iv) T. flavofuscum CBS 248.59 is the only species of Trichoderma/Hypocrea, which produces 13-residue sequences − notably trichofumins C and D are the only two peptaibols of that chain length reported to date. They display the rare Gln-Gln motif in positions 5 and PLEK2 6. Looking at the sequences, their biosynthesis seems to be distantly related to that one of trichofumins A and B (and positional

Selleckchem BVD-523 isomers thereof). The latter are 11-residue SF4-peptaibols and widespread amongst Trichoderma/Hypocrea species.   v) T. virens strain Tv29-8 produces common 11- and 14-residue peptaibols, and it is the only phylogenetically verified source of 18-residue peptaibols of the trichorzin-type.   However, the results of our LC-MS/MS screening are also of interest for analysis of environmental samples as well as extraterrestrial materials such as carbonaceous meteorites as their contamination by propagules of soil- or airborne peptaibiotic-producing fungi has to be taken into account (Brückner et al. 2009; Elsila et al. 2011). To sum up, production of peptaibiotics may generally be regarded as a sophisticated ecological adaptation for the producing fungus providing it with an obvious advantage over non-producing fungal and other competitors. This group of ‘chemical weapons’ in their ‘armoury’ may effectively assist a remarkable number of strains currently identified as belonging to ca. 30 Trichoderma/Hypocrea species in colonising and defending their ecological niches. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Hessian Ministry for Science and Art by a grant from the LOEWE-Schwerpunkt ‘Insect Biotechnology’ to Andreas Vilcinskas.