This information is very useful to the physician when selecting the appropriate treatment before he receives the final identification from microbiological laboratory. Methods Reference S3I-201 price microbial strains Several strains were used in the research: bacteria – Bacillus sp. (ATCC 51912), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 29009), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 33186), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Haemophilus influenzae (DSM 4690), Neisseria meningitidis (ATCC 53414), Proteus mirabilis (DSM 4479), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DSM 13626), Serratia marcescens (DSM 50904),

Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33497), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35983), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (DSM 20263), Streptococcus agalactiae (DSM 2134), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), Streptococcus pyogenes (DSM 20565), Streptococcus Epigenetics inhibitor GSK2245840 salivarius (DSM 20617), fungi – Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 14110), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Candida glabrata (DSM 11950), Candida parapsilosis (DSM 5784), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 20115). Ethics statement and participants The research was granted approval by the local Bioethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University (KBET/94/B/2009). Written informed consent

was obtained from participants before their enrollment in the study. Blood samples Blood was collected from volunteers, who had no clinical symptoms of sepsis and no inflammatory markers (CRP, OB). Additionally, 102 blood samples were taken from patients with clinical symptoms of sepsis, hospitalized in the John Paul

II Hospital in Krakow. Blood samples were drawn into 2-ml Vacutainer K3E (BectonDickinson) test tubes. Blood culture The blood culture was carried out in the John Paul II Hospital in Krakow in the Microbiology Department using BacT/ALERT® 3D apparatus (bioMérieux). DNA extraction of bacterial and fungal isolates The bacterial and fungal DNA was isolated with the application of a specialized kit for DNA extraction (Genomic Mini, DNA Gdansk). The isolation was carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s report. The method for microbial DNA isolation from blood With the aim of determining the sensitivity of the PCR method, microbial DNA was isolated from 1.5-ml blood samples, collected from from volunteers, which were simultaneously inoculated with four model microbial reference strains (E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, A. fumigatus) in order to obtain a gradient of their number from 105 CFU/ml to 100 CFU/ml for each one of them. DNA isolation was carried out according to the method described by Gosiewski et al. with the employment of a ready-to-use Blood Mini (A&A Biotechnology) kit [4]. The same method was used to isolate DNA from blood samples of patients with clinical symptoms of sepsis. DNA purity and concentration The concentration and purity of total DNA isolates in the samples were measured spectrophotometrically at wavelengths of A 260 and A 280.