High initial spore densities in PMS media repressed the expression of AF biosynthesis-related genes To further study how initial spore densities affect AF production in A. flavus, expression of AF biosynthesis-related HDAC phosphorylation genes was examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in mycelia initiated with 104 or 106 spores/ml for two days. We observed

that the expression levels of two transcriptional regulators (alfR and alfS), and three AF click here biosynthesis genes (aflO, cypA and ordA) from the AF biosynthesis gene cluster were substantially lower in mycelia initiated with 106 spores/ml, as compared to those initiated with 104 spores/ml (Figure 4A). The differences were even more pronounced on the day three (Figure 4B), suggesting transcriptional activation of AF biosynthesis in cultures initiated

with the low spore density. We noted Pitavastatin in vivo that nadA, which is involved in the conversion of AFG1 [47], showed increased expression in the culture initiated with 106 spores/ml, compared to those initiated with 104 spores/ml on the day three (Figure 4B). Figure 4 High initial spore densities repressed the expressions of AF biosynthesis genes in A. flavus. qRT-PCR was used to analyze expressions of AF production regulators (aflR and aflS) and AF biosynthesis genes (aflO, cypA, ordA and nadA) by A. flavus A3.2890 cultured in PMS media with 104 or 106 spores/ml for 2 (A) or 3 days (B). The relative expressions were quantified by the expression level of the β-Tubulin gene. Note the expression of nadA was not repressed in the high initial spore density culture. The density effect was present in most Aspergillus strains tested To elucidate if the density effect is a general phenomenon in AF-producing strains, we obtained A. flavus NRRL 3357, A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and A. nomius NRRL 13137 from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) culture collection in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and performed experiments in parallel with A. flavus A3.2890. Fresh

spore suspensions were prepared Interleukin-2 receptor in the same way as for A. flavus A3.2890, and inoculated in PMS or GMS liquid media with initial spore densities from 102 spores/ml to 106 spores/ml. After three-day cultures, AFs were extracted from media and analyzed by TLC. As shown in Figure 5, in GMS media, all strains showed increased AF productions when initial spore densities were increased from 102 to 106 spores/ml, excluding A. flavus NRRL 3357. As reported previously, only AFB1 and AFB2 were produced by A. flavus NRRL 3357 [48], while for all other strains AFB1 and AFG1 were the major AFs produced. Figure 5 The density effect is present in all Aspergillus strains tested except A. flavus NRRL 3357. Strains of A. flavus NRRL 3357, A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and A. nomius NRRL 13137 were tested for their density effects.