06 (0.52, 2.12) 0.91 (0.45, 1.85)   Raising 227 454 2.08 (1.76, 2.45) 1.75 (1.48, 2.08)  Orthostatic hypotensive

properties           Low 97 157 2.55 (1.98, 3.29) 2.08 (1.60, 2.71)   Medium 92 257 1.49 (1.17, 1.90) 1.27 (0.99, 1.64)   High 48 79 2.50 (1.74, 3.59) 2.19 (1.51, 3.18) aWhen more than one antipsychotic was dispensed simultaneously before the index date, then the antipsychotic with the most severe side effect was selected. For current, recent, and past users, the last antipsychotic was dispensed respectively within 30 days, between 31 and 182 days, and more than 182 days prior to the index date bAdjusted for confounders as before Discussion The findings of this study have demonstrated an increased NSC23766 risk of Selleckchem Emricasan hip/femur fracture with the use of antipsychotics. The risk was highest for current users, especially the most elderly. The use of conventional antipsychotics appeared to account for the increased risk, and there was evidence for an increased risk with prolactin-raising antipsychotics and those with greater potential to affect the extrapyramidal system. We did not find evidence to support an association between the average daily dose of antipsychotic and the risk of hip/femur

fracture. Our findings confirm an association described in other epidemiological studies on the risk of hip/femur fracture with the use of antipsychotics [13–19]. The 1.7-fold increased risk of fracture among current users and declining risk after discontinuation of use selleck kinase inhibitor agrees with the findings of others. Hugenholtz et al. [18] reported a 1.3-fold increased adjusted Rebamipide risk of fracture among current users who had been using antipsychotics long term, and produced a plot similar to ours for risk with cumulative days of treatment (Fig. 1). Ray et al. [16] reported a doubling of risk among current users (OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.6, 2.6]), although that risk estimate

may have been reduced with adjustment for more potential confounding variables. In agreement with other recent studies, we did not find an association between the average daily dose of antipsychotic and the risk of hip/femur fracture for current users [17, 18]. Vestergaard et al. [17] described a dose–response relationship for all users of antipsychotics before the index date but the association was not apparent for current users and the elapsed time between the last dispensing and the index date could have been as much as 4 years. Although we found a higher fracture risk for men currently using antipsychotics, the difference between the sexes was not significant. A greater fracture risk for men using antipsychotics has been reported before [13], however, which could reflect the effects of antipsychotic use and physiological processes promoting bone loss [9].