2A and B). Thus, each dose of α-GalCer

adjuvant delivered by the intranasal route resulted in the activation and expansion of NKT cells with IFN-γ producing potential along with an increase in activated DCs. On the other hand, a second dose of α-GalCer administered by the intravenous route resulted in only a slight increase in NKT cell proliferation, with no concurrent increase in IFN-γ production by NKT cells and no increase in activated DCs. Finally, the significant increase in the activation and reactivation of NKT cells and DCs from the booster immunization by the intranasal route with α-GalCer+OVA also translated into significant increases in antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and IFN-γ-producing cells after the booster dose, which was not observed after the intravenous booster immunization (Fig. 2C and D respectively). Since the primary immunization with α-GalCer+OVA resulted in the expansion buy TSA HDAC of NKT cells that peaked at day 5 in the lung and did not decrease to base-line levels even at day 10 post-immunization (Fig. 1D),

we evaluated whether the second increase in NKT cells is a consequence of the continued effect of the priming dose of α-GalCer or the effectiveness of the second dose delivered on day 5. For this, we delayed the booster immunization until day 23 post-priming and characterized NKT cells and DCs in different tissues on days 24, 26, and 28 (i.e. days 1, 3, and 5 respectively, click here relative to the booster dose, Fig. 3A). Significant increases in the percentages of IFN-γ-producing NKT cells were observed in the spleen and lung of mice immunized with the booster dose of α-GalCer+OVA at day 24 (i.e. day 1 after the booster immunization, Fig. 3B) and furthermore, significant expansion of NKT cells was observed in the lung between days 1 and 5 after the booster immunization (Fig.

3D) compared with that in either the OVA only control group of mice or those that received only the priming dose of α-GalCer+OVA. We also found CD11c+ DCs expressing SSR128129E slightly increased levels of the CD86 activation marker on day 24 (i.e. day 1 after the booster dose), when compared with the DCs from mice in the OVA control group (Fig. 3F). These results from mice that received the priming and boosting doses of α-GalCer+OVA by the intranasal route 23 days apart (the longer immunization scheme) were similar to those observed when the two doses were delivered 5 days apart (the shorter immunization scheme). Thus, regardless of the timing of the second dose, α-GalCer administration by the intranasal route leads to repeated activation of NKT cells, primarily in the lung. These results employing α-GalCer as an adjuvant delivered by the intranasal route are in contrast to those where primary and booster immunizations of α-GalCer+OVA delivered by the intravenous route 23 days apart.