9 × 107 pfu/mL prior to inactivation). As controls for the assay, additional suckling mice were intracranially

inoculated with live V3526 or PCM. The brains from mice surviving 14 days post-inoculation were removed upon euthanasia, homogenized and frozen. A second set of suckling mice were inoculated intracranially with the brain homogenate Autophagy inhibitors from the corresponding group and observed for an additional 14 days. A sandwich ELISA was developed utilizing monoclonal antibody (Mab) 1A4A-1 for the capture of antigen and horse anti-V3526 polyclonal serum for the detection of bound antigen [19]. Mab 1A4A-1 recognizes the E2c epitope on the VEEV IAB E2 glycoprotein, which has been identified as a critical virus neutralization site within the E2 envelope

protein [27], and allows for detection of VEEV IAB viruses including V3526, VEEV TrD and C84 as well as VEEV subtypes IC and ID. The Mab was coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 4 °C at 0.5 μg/well. All subsequent incubations were performed at 37 °C. Plates were then blocked with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% Tween-20 and 5% skim milk (PBSTM) for 2 h. Samples were diluted in PBSTM containing 1% inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), serially diluted 1:2 and incubated for 2 h. Plates were washed six times with PBS containing Tween-20 (PBST) using the Bio-Rad 1550 Microplate washer. Bound virus was detected using horse anti-V3526 serum (1:1000) for 2 h [12]. Following incubation, plates were washed six times with PBST. Bound equine antibody was quantitated by addition of peroxidase-labeled goat anti-horse Gefitinib in vivo antibody (KPL, Inc.), incubated for 1 h, followed by six washes with PBST and the addition of ABTS substrate

(KPL, Inc). After 30 min at room temperature, the optical density (OD) was determined at 410 nm using the SpectraMax 340PC (Molecular Devices). The per well background value was determined at 490 nm and subtracted from the 410 nm value to normalize differences in the non-optical quality of plastic of the round-bottom plates. All data were collected using SoftMaxPro 3.1 (Molecular Devices). Alhydrogel™ was purchased from Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corporation, Westbury, NY and diluted the day of use to achieve a final concentration of 0.2% v/v dose with sterile PBS. CpG ODN2395 was purchased from InvivoGen, San Diego, CA and reconstituted the day of use and diluted Oxymatrine in sterile, endotoxin-free water to achieve a final concentration of 20 μg/dose. Viprovex® was purchased from ImmuneRegen, Scottsdale, AZ and reconstituted in sterile PBS the day of use to achieve a final concentration of 76 μg/dose. The concentration of CpG and Alhydrogel™ when used in combination were the same as when the adjuvants were prepared in the single adjuvant formulations. Six-week old female BALB/c mice were purchased from the National Cancer Institute, Fort Detrick, MD. Mice were group housed in polycarbonate cages with microisolator lids.