Decreases in muscle strength and the electrophysiological indication of denervation are hallmark signs of clinical symptoms in ALS patients. Furthermore, ALS El Escorial diagnosis criteria include signs of upper and lower MN degeneration, with symptom onset Belinostat clinical progressing to another area (e.g., lower to upper limbs). Our results provide further evidence that the mutant SOD1G93A mouse reliably models the human disease with pathological signs in both lower

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and upper MNs (Ozdinler et al. 2011), as well as muscle weakness in both upper (loaded grid test) and lower (gait analysis) limbs. We propose that P30 therefore represents a more realistic approximation of symptom onset in mutant mice and therefore a reevaluation of previous preclinical studies for ALS should be considered in light of this. Indeed, studies where treatment of SOD1 mutant mice was begun at P30 or earlier demonstrated some of the most effective survival promoting effects reported (Kieran et al. 2005; Pun et al. 2006; Gifondorwa

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 2007). Muscle denervation as a therapeutic target Several studies have demonstrated that protecting cell bodies from death fails to substantially alter disease progression or life span (Sagot et al. 1995; Kostic et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 1997; Ferri et al. 2003; Chiesa et al. 2005; Libby et al. 2005; Gould et al. 2006; Suzuki et al. 2007). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Rather, the early loss of connectivity may be the most important contribution to the organisms disability and this aspect of neurodegenerative disease has been a neglected potential therapeutic target. What leads to denervation? There is no difference at P14 between SOD1 and WT TA muscle in terms of the number of innervated postsynaptic NMJs. This result suggests that NMJs are initially formed normally, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but by P30 there is a significant denervation of TA NMJs. Our results are consistent with previous reports in the literature indicating

that FF MNs (e.g., TA MNs) are more susceptible to denervation than S MNs (e.g., soleus MNs) (Frey et al. 2000; Hegedus et al. 2007; Pun et al. 2006). The early denervation of FF MNs is partially compensated for functionally by sprouting and Entinostat reinnervation by fatigue resistant (FR) and slow (S) MNs (Frey et al. 2000; Hegedus et al. 2007). Although it has been suggested that eventually even these more resistant MN subtypes become unable to compensate at which point muscle weakness ensues followed by MN degeneration (Hegedus et al. 2007), there appears to be a fast fiber-specific vulnerability in the SOD1 mouse. Accordingly, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in the prompt delivery differential vulnerability of MNs innervating fast fatigable (FF), FR, and S muscle fibers in ALS. We find that the presynaptic terminals and axons of both TA and soleus innervating MNs show enlarged and vacuolated mitochondria.