Through absorption, polyphenols are metabolized from the Caco 2 cells by a phase II metabolic enzyme such as glucuronyl , sulfate , or glutathione transferase, just about every of which may perform a crucial function in drug accumulation and transport in human intestine . Our outcomes suggest that a significant proportion of aloin and aloe emodin was converted to their glucuronide sulfate conjugates during absorption. Mailleau et al. reported that SGLT1 activity was quickly enhanced from day 12 up to day 20 post seeding of Caco 2 cells. Studies also reported that monoglucosides of polyphenols is often transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes through the SGLT1 . The absorption of aloin in its unchanged kind within this study may possibly indicate the involvement in the SGLT1, because aloin shares a standard monoglucoside framework. The reduce absorption of aloin in comparison to aloeemodin may be explained by a limited variety of receptors transporters capable of managing the molecule. In a current review, Teng et al. reported the SGLT1 blocker can inhibit the cellular accumulation of emodin across the apical membrane of Caco 2 cells.
This suggests that partial intestinal absorption of emodin may possibly be transported by SGLT1. These final results indicate that the absorption of aloe emodin, crossing the apical membrane in Caco 2 cells, may possibly be partially influenced by SGLT1 and be metabolized by phase II enzymes. We observed the absorption fee of aloe emodin was drastically increased Entinostat at ten M treatment method compare to these in the five M or 50 M treatment method, indicating that aloe emodin may start off to approach to physiological saturation degree at 50 M treatment. Chromones kind a class of compounds, the significance of which arises from their wide all-natural occurrence as subunits in flavonoids and their biological activities . On the other hand, reviews about the metabolic process or absorption properties of chromones are constrained . The current research indicated that aloesin possesses equivalent absorption pattern with aloe emodin and also reaches physiological saturation ranges at 50 M. The results also indicated that chromones type conjugates while in the human smaller intestine by UDP glucuronosyltransferase .
Liu et al. indicated that effectively expressed Alvespimycin UGT isoforms during the Caco two cells, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7, were capable of metabolizing flavonoids. The absorption fee of aloesin have been seven.61 , 13.64 , and eight.14 at five, ten, and 50 M, respectively, which have been higher than individuals of both aloin or aloe emodin, as well as the absorbed concentration was higher at 50 M when compared with either aloin or aloe emodin. Free of charge hydroxyl groups in flavonoids can hinder transport in Caco two cell monolayer . Ollila et al. stated that polyhydroxylated chemicals present longer retention delays in membranes, and this can be probably as a consequence of hydrogen bond formation involving their hydroxyl groups and polar groups on the lipid molecules on the lipid water interface.