Headaches and fatigue in the morning, nocturnal polyuria and sexual problems (from reduced libido to impotence) are commonly encountered. Hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiorespiratory failure, and stroke may develop as the disorder progresses. The diagnosis is confirmed by polysomnography with the recording of respiratory parameters. Oronasal sensors made up of thermocouples or thermistors detect the passage of airflow by measuring temperature variations at the nose and mouth openings. However, they may be uncomfortable, and so unobtrusive nasal cannulae with separated left- and right-sided tubings connected to two pressure transducers have recently been developed. The

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical efficacy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the measurement of nasal and oral airflow is limited in case of hypopnea and upper airway resistance. Thoracic and abdominal straps, made of mercury strain gauges or graphite rubber, indicate the presence or absence of central respiratory drive. Pathological indices are set at five apneas per hour in the adult (10 per hour in the aged). These measures allow the distinction between obstructive (respiratory effort) and central (no respiratory effort) sleep apnea syndromes. Respiratory effort is measured by recording pleural pressure through esophageal pressure. Inspiratory effort is also quantified by pulse transit time, the

time taken Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for the arterial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pulse pressure wave to travel from the aortic valve to a peripheral site. Practically, it is measured from the R wave on the ECG to the appearance of the pulse wave at the finger. Pulse transit time is inversely proportional to blood pressure, and so the drop in blood pressure with inspiration determines rises in pulse transit time. Pneumotachography is the standard method to evaluate the airflow volume. Oxymetry by infrared wavelength absorption is necessary to calculate the ratio between oxyhemoglobin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and reduced hemoglobin. The sensors are placed on the finger, or on the ear or nose. The clinical symptoms of the upper airway

resistance syndrome overlap widely those of the sleep apnea syndrome.53 Patients LY294002 nmr affected are nonobese men or women, with a complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring (especially in men), with frequent fatigue upon awakening. Clinical examination often reports a triangular face, a small chin, an arched palate, a class II mal-occlusion, and Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase a retroposition of the mandible. The diagnosis is ascertained during polysomnography associated with esophageal pressure monitoring, by the presence of repetitive increase in esophageal pressure that leads to transient arousals without any changes in respiratory disturbance index (index of apnea/hypopnea <5 per hour) and in oxygen saturation. Differential diagnosis with idiopathic hypersomnia requires the recording of esophageal pressure.