It is very effective in dealing with the failure of links and searching for the routes. Due to the large number of nodes, the number of ants is quite large so that it may lead to much higher traffic in the network than other algorithms.2.3. Ant RoutingAs an selleck chemical Ruxolitinib effective distributed approach, the ACO algorithms have been introduced to the design of routing protocol and have received many achievements [17�C25].The ACO algorithm was first used in traditional networks [17]. ARA [18] was the first algorithm used Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which exploits the pheromone laying behavior of ants to search for routing. The above two algorithms are however not suitable for WSNs. In [19], Liu et al. used an improved ACO algorithm (PACO) to search for multipaths between source nodes and the sink node in MANETs.

Although the PACO improves the efficiency of data transmission, the number of ants required to search for routing is great, resulting in great energy consumption at the start-up stage. Moreover, the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries PACO only uses the length of path as metric without considering the current energy of nodes: these discovered paths may contain the low energy nodes, which will shorten the working time of the paths.Recently, routing protocols based on ACO for WSNs have been the focus of many studies [20�C25]. In [20], Zhang et al. studied three distinct Ant-based algorithms for WSNs. However, the algorithms Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries only focus on the building of an initial pheromone distribution, and thus, the algorithms are only good at system start-up phase. In [21], Camilo et al.

presented a new Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries WSNs routing algorithm based on ACO, which can minimize
Advances in wireless networking have set new paradigms in computing, including pervasive computing based on a large-scale wireless sensor network. A wireless sensor network, a type of ad hoc network (MANets), is designed to be an infrastructure-less, unattended, and rapidly-deployable network. A fundamental issue in wireless sensor network environments is the efficient location of the required service in the network. The service location protocol is imperative Dacomitinib to the design of a wireless sensor network because each network node lacks prior knowledge of the service available in the network [1�C7].Service location in wireless sensor networks is a challenging problem for several reasons. First, due to a lack of infrastructure, there are no well-known servers in a pre-defined network structure.

Second, energy scarcity in a network node in a wireless network necessitates the design of new service location protocols that are qualitatively different from those designed for the Bortezomib 179324-69-7 wired network. Third, in many cases, wireless networks may scale up to thousands of nodes, rendering the location problem even more challenging [8�C20].In pervasive computing, users receive information regarding the environment in real-time; therefore, the sensor network, which is the foundation of pervasive computing, should enable real-time access.