KIR genotyping with PCR–SSP method.  The KIR genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR–SSP) in all samples collected from recruited subjects for the following 18 KIR Selleckchem Dasatinib genes: 2DL1-5, 3DL1-3, 2DS1-5, 3DS1, 2DP1, 3DP1, KIR1D and 3DP1v. We used newly extracted DNA from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells in this study to avoid false-negative results

of KIR genes in the PCR–SSP typing because most KIR-specific amplicons are longer than 1000 bp. DNA was extracted with an EZ Bead System-32 DNA workstation (Texas BioGene Inc., Richardson, TX, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The human growth hormone gene was served as a positive control for PCR. The primers were as follows: 5′CTTCCCAACCATTCCCTTA3′ and 5′CGGATTTCTGTTGTGTTT C3′. The PCR without DNA template was served as a negative control. The PCR sequence-specific polymorphism primers used for the detection of KIR genes were described previously learn more [4, 19] (Table 1). All primers were synthesized and validated by BOYA. Bio Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. In detail, 20–50 ng DNA was amplified in 10 μl volume containing

0.2 mm dNTP, 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), 0.4 μm primers (except for KIR2DS1, 0.8 μm) and 1× PCR buffer. PCR amplification was carried out in a 9700 thermal cycler (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) under the following conditions: initial denaturing at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 65 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 90 s, plus a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Some annealing temperatures changed as follows: KIR2DS2 (63 °C), KIR2DS3 (63 °C), KIR2DS4 (61 °C) and KIR2DS5 (63 °C). The amplification products were analysed in 1–2% agarose gel with

fluorescence dye and visualized by a Gene Genius Bio Imaging System (Syngene mafosfamide Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Genotype and haplotype analyses.  Each genotype was given the putative haplotype combination according to the model described by Hsu et al. [4]. In assigning genes to specific haplotypes, the following assumptions were made: (1) all haplotypes contained KIR3DL3, 2DL4 and 3DL2; (2) haplotypes contained either 2DL2 or 2DL3, but not both; and (3) haplotypes contained either 3DP1 or 3DP1 variant (3DP1v), but not both [4]. In the assessment of the KIR haplotypes, haplotype B was defined by the presence of one or more of the following genes: KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS5 and KIR3DS1 [20]. Conversely, haplotype A was defined by the absence of all these genes. Genotypes for the Cen and Tel parts of the KIR locus were defined according to the description of Cooley et al. [5].