Methods: Seven healthy men were tested in a randomized and balanced order on 3 different conditions spaced 2 weeks apart. After a night of total SD (total SD), 4.5 h of sleep (partial SD) and a night with 7 h of regular sleep (regular sleep), subjects were exposed to a stepwise hypoglycemic clamp experiment. Reaction time (RT) and auditory evoked brain potentials (AEP) were assessed during a euglycemic baseline buy CP-868596 period and at the end of the clamp (blood glucose at 2.5

mmol/l).

Results: During the euglycemic baseline, amplitude of the P3 component of the AEP was lower after total SD than after partial SD (9.2 +/- 3.2 mu V vs. 16.6 +/- 2.9 mu V; t(6) = 3.2, P = 0.02) and regular sleep (20.2 +/- 2.1 mu V; t(6) = 18.8, P < 0.01). Reaction time was longer after total SD

in comparison to partial SD (367 +/- 45 ms vs. 304 +/- 36 ms; t(6) = 2.7, P = 0.04) and to regular sleep (322 +/- 36 ms; t(6) = 2.41, P = 0.06) while there was no difference between partial SD and regular sleep condition (t(6) = 0.60, P = 0.57). Hypoglycemia decreased P3 amplitude by 11.2 +/- 4.1 mu V in the partial SD condition (t(6) = 2.72, P = 0.04) and by 9.3 +/- 0.7 mu V in the regular sleep condition (t(6) = 12.51, P < 0.01), but did not further reduce P3 amplitude after total SD (1.8 +/- 3.9 mu V; t(6) = 0.46, P = 0.66). Thus, at the end of hypoglycemia P3 amplitudes were similar across the 3 conditions (F(2,10) = 0.89, P = Regorafenib in vivo 0.42). RI generally showed Geneticin ic50 a similar pattern with a significant prolongation due to hypoglycemia after partial SD (+42 +/- 12 ms; t(6) = 3.39, P = 0.02) and regular sleep (+37 +/- 10 ms; t(6) = 3.53, P = 0.01), but not after total SD (+15 +/- 16; t(6) = 0.97,

P = 0.37), resulting in similar values at the end of hypoglycemia (F(1,6) = 1.01, P= 0.36).

Conclusions: One night of total SD deteriorates neurocognitive function as reflected by indicators of attentive stimulus processing, but does not synergistically aggravate the impairing influence of acute hypoglycemia. The findings are not consistent with the view that neurocognitive deteriorations after SD result from challenged cerebral glucose metabolism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Viral adaptation through fixation of spontaneous mutations is an important factor potentially associated with reoccurrence of West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in the New World. The emergence of new genetic variants of WNV represents an important public health issue because it may affect the sensitivity of WNV screening and diagnostic assays, as well as the development and efficacy of WNV vaccines and anti-viral drugs. A microarray assay was developed and optimized to enable simple monitoring of WNV genetic variability and rapid detection of any nucleotide mutations within the entire viral genome. The assay was validated using 11 WNV isolates from the 2007 and 2009 U.S. epidemics.