This higher level of activity may compensate and relieve the inhibitory effect of isolimonic acid on biofilm formation. In order to verify QseBC dependent inhibition, biofilm formation in ΔqseBC strain (VS138) and complemented strain (VS179) [6] in presence of 100 μg/ml of isolimonic acid was measured. As expected, isolimonic acid did not reduce PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor the biofilm formation in VS138. In contrast, isolimonic acid exposure resulted in a significant decrease in VS179 (qseBC complemented strain) biofilm as measured by crystal violet (Figure 6A), indicating involvement of QseBC. Additionally, overexpression of qseBC, qseB and qseC in EHEC ATCC

43895, under the control of arabinose operon check details restored the inhibitory effect of isolimonic acid on EHEC biofilm formation (Figure 6B). Taken together these results suggest that effect of isolimonic acid is dependent upon QseBC. Furthermore, the effects of isolimonic acid did not seem to arise from modulation of qseBC expression. However, based on the current data it was not

possible to differentiate, if the effect is dependent solely upon qseB or qseC, as supplementation of EHEC by both qseB and qseC relieved the inhibitory effect. Further studies are required to precisely determine if the target of isolimonic acid is qseB or qseC. To understand the role of QseA in isolimonic acid mediated repression of LEE, expression levels of transcriptional regulator ler were measured as QseA is reported to directly activate expression of ler[15]. Ler is the transcriptional regulator of the genes encoded in LEE and activates the genes encoded in LEE [15, 21]. We hypothesized that if isolimonic acid affect ler via QseA, the ler expression will not change in ΔqseA strain (VS145) but complementation of qseA (strain VS151) from plasmid will restore the inhibitory effect. In addition, overexpression of qseA in wild type strain ATCC 43895 will negate the inhibitory effect of isolimonic acid. The hypothesis was tested by measuring the expression of ler

using qRT-PCR in VS145 and VS151, grown in presence of 100 μg/ml isolimonic acid and buy S3I-201 compared with DMSO. Alectinib The results demonstrated that expression of ler was not significantly altered in ΔqseA strain (VS145), whereas a 7.4 fold repression of ler (Figure 7A) was observed in qseA complemented strain (VS179). Furthermore, overexpression of qseA from multicopy plasmid pVS150 in TEVS232 background (AV46) nullified the repressive effect (Figure 7B) of isolimonic acid on LEE1 observed in Figure 5A. Collectively the data indicated that repression of LEE by isolimonic acid is dependent on QseA. However, isolimonic acid does not seem to transcriptionally modulate the expression of qseA.