Z-stack image of the cells shows the intracellular localization of P. gingivalis. Intracellular P. gingivalis was increased by stimulation with TNF-α, although a small amount of P. gingivalis AZD1152 nmr was found without TNF-α pretreatment (Figure 1B). Figure 1 TNF-α augments Selleckchem Compound C invasion of P. gingivalis in Ca9-22 cells. (A) Ca9-22 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml of TNF-α for 3 h. The cells were further incubated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 at an MOI of 100 for 1 h. Media in the cultures were then replaced with new media containing antibiotics for 1 h. Lysates of the cells with sterile water were then seeded on horse blood agar plates to determine the numbers of viable intracellular bacteria (means ± standard

deviations [SD] [n = 3]). **, P < 0.01 versus TNF-α (−). CFU: colony forming units. (B) Ca9-22 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml of TNF-α for 3 h and were then incubated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 for 1 h. Trichostatin A P.gingivalis was stained using antiserum for P. gingivalis whole cells. Then localization of P. gingivalis in the cells was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Each

molecule was visualized as follows: P. gingivalis (red). Bars in each panel are 10 μm. TNF-α-augmented invasion of P. gingivalis is mediated by TNF receptor-I The biological effects of TNF-α are transmitted via two distinct membrane receptors, TNFR-I and TNFR-II [32,33]. To determine which type of TNFR mediates P. gingivalis invasion in Ca9-22 cells, we examined the effects of neutralization of TNFRs on the TNF-α-augmented Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 invasion of P. gingivalis. We first examined the expression of TNFR-I and TNFR-II in Ca9-22 cells by Western blotting. The cells expressed TNFR-I but not TNFR-II (Figure 2A). We next examined the effects of a neutralizing anti-TNFR-I mAb on the TNF-α-induced invasion of P. gingivalis in Ca9-22

cells. The cells were preincubated with a mouse monoclonal antibody to TNFR-I for 1 h. Then the cells were treated with TNF-α prior to addition of P. gingivalis. The anti-TNFR-I antibody exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the invasion of P. gingivalis in Ca9-22 cells (Figure 2B). In contrast, a control mouse IgG antibody did not prevent the augmentation of P. gingivalis invasion by TNF-α. Figure 2 TNF-α-augmented invasion of P. gingivalis is mediated by TNF receptor-I. (A) Expression of TNF receptors on Ca9-22 cells. Expression of TNF receptors in lysates of the cells was analyzed by Western blotting with anti-TNFR-I and anti-TNFR-II monoclonal antibodies. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were used as a positive control of TNFR-II. (B) Anti-TNFR-I antibody blocked TNF-a-augmented invasion of P. gingivalis in Ca9-22 cells. Ca9-22 cells were preincubated with 5 μg/ml of anti-TNFR-I monoclonal antibody or mouse IgG at 37°C for 1 h and were then incubated with TNF-α for 3 h. The cells were further incubated with P. gingivalis (MOI =100) for 1 h. Viable P.