In this study, a soil-borne, glyphosate-resistant bacterium was selected and identified as Enterobacter. The EPSPS in this strain was found to have Cabozantinib in vivo been altered to a resistant one. A total of 42 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the glyphosate were screened using microarray techniques. Under treatment, argF, sdhA, ivbL, rrfA-H were downregulated, whereas the transcripts of speA, osmY, pflB, ahpC, fusA, deoA, uxaC, rpoD and a few ribosomal protein genes were upregulated. Data were verified by quantitative real-time PCR on selected

genes. All transcriptional changes appeared to protect the bacteria from glyphosate and associated osmotic, acidic and oxidative stresses. Many DEGs may have the potential to confer resistance to glyphosate alone, and some may be closely related to the shikimate pathway, reflecting the complex gene interaction network for glyphosate resistance. “
“Yersinia polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), a 3’-5’ exoribonuclease, has been shown to affect growth during several stress responses. In E. coli, PNPase is one of the subunits of a multi-protein complex known as the degradosome, but also has degradosome-independent

functions. The carboxy–terminus of E. coli ribonuclease E (RNase E) serves as the scaffold upon which PNPase, enolase (a glycolytic enzyme), and RhlB helicase all have been shown to bind. In the yersiniae, only PNPase has thus far been shown to physically interact with RNase GSK-3 activity E. We show by bacterial two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays that RhlB and enolase also interact with RNase E. Interestingly, although PNPase is required for normal growth at cold temperatures, assembly of the yersiniae degradosome was not required. However, degradosome assembly was required for growth in the presence of reactive oxygen species. These data suggest that while the Y. pseudotuberculosis PNPase plays a role in the oxidative stress response through a degradosome-dependent mechanism, PNPase’s MTMR9 role during cold stress is degradosome-independent.

2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved “
“To examine why we failed in direct sequencing of rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in Pleurotus nebrodensis, we obtained monokaryons of P. nebrodensis (00489 and 00491) using a protoplast monokaryonization technique. PCR products of ITS amplifications were sequenced. There was a base pair insertion/deletion difference between the two nuclei of P. nebrodensis that led to failure in direct sequencing. Internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rRNA gene) of the nuclear ribosomal repeat are widely used in fungal systematics and phylogeny (Gardes & Bruns, 1993; Kårén et al., 1997; Cooke et al., 2000; Manter & Vivanco, 2007; Nilsson et al., 2009).