Microarray analyses of infected macrophages KangCheng Biosciences (Shanghai, China) performed the miRNA profiling analysis. To determine the miRNA profiles for the two groups, total RNAs were purified using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA) and a miRNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Shenzhen, China),

labeled using the miRCURY™ Hy3™/Hy5™ Power labeling kit (Exiqon, Vedbaek, learn more Denmark) and hybridized on the specific miRCURY™ LNA Array (v.18.0, Exiqon, Denmark) platform. The Exiqon miRCURY™ LNA Array (v.18.0) contains 2043 capture probes covering all human miRNAs, and could quantify genome-wide miRNA expression in the two groups. Images on the chip were scanned using an Axon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA, USA) and imported into GenePix Pro 6.0 software (Axon) for grid alignment and data extraction. MiRNAs with intensities >50 were used to calculate the normalization factor. Expression data were normalized using the median normalization. After normalization, average values

of replicate spots of each miRNA were used for statistical analysis; differentially expressed miRNAs were identified through fold Elafibranor purchase change filtering. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. Analysis of variance tests or unpaired two-tailed Student t tests were used for statistical analysis. The data were regarded as significantly different at P < 0.05. Reverse transcription and quantitative real time-polymerase

chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation The total RNAs were extracted from each Teicoplanin two groups of infected OICR-9429 in vivo U937 macrophages and PBMC samples using a mirVana™ miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). cDNA was reverse transcribed from total RNAs using the miRcute miRNA cDNA first-strand synthesis kit (Tiangen, Beijing), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Using U6/5S RNA as the endogenous reference for normalization, qRT-PCR assays were performed on an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA) using the miRcute miRNA qPCR Detection kit (SYBR Green) (Tiangen, Beijing, China). The experiments were conducted in triplicate. Pathway enrichment analyses The predicted targets of the miRNAs were obtained from the TargetScan database [9], and the PITA database [10]. The intersections of the results obtained from these different software programs were regarded as the reliable target genes. The predicted miRNA target genes were analyzed for enriched KEGG pathways using the NCBI DAVID server ( http://​david.​abcc.​ncifcrf.​gov) with default settings [11]. Results U937 Macrophages expressed Mtb Hsp16.3 and GFP, respectively To reduce the risk of insertional mutagenesis in U937 cells, the IDLV system was used to produce non integrative lentiviral vectors , which delivered the transgene into U937 macrophages for instantaneous expression.