Subjects Compound Library research buy using diazepam or clomethiazol were not tested until at least 7 days after their final medication. Patients with elevated ammonium levels, hypovitaminosis, hypothyroidism, electrolyte

disturbances, or parameters indicating an acute inflammation were excluded. Apart from mild dysthymia, all central nervous system (CNS)-affecting diseases, cognitive complaints and CNS-affecting drugs were further exclusion criteria. Three patients did not undergo all neuropsychological subtests for compliance reasons. The control group was closely matched by age, education, and gender. One control subject was excluded because of a previously undiagnosed major depression, and a further matched pair could not be found. The following well-established cognitive tests were performed by a senior neuropsychologist

as described in the literature: Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Version III (WAIS-III), the two classical versions Autophagy inhibitor chemical structure of the Trail Making Test (TMT-A, TMT-B), Benton facial recognition test, Syndrom-Kurz-Test (SKT), Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling (FEEL), and a German version of the verbal learning memory test (VLMT). The Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest (MWT-B), a multiple-choice vocabulary intelligence test, was used to provide an estimation of crystalline intelligence. The Regensburg Wortflüssigkeitstest (RWT), a word fluency test containing verbal and phonological fluency with alternating categories, was also applied. The Becks Depression Inventory, second version (BDI-II), was

completed as a self-questionnaire. All participants performed a computerized motor short-term memory paradigm. Subjects were required to memorize a 4-, 5-, or 6-item finger sequence, which was indicated by a dot moving on the fingers of a schematic of the left hand or right hand. A go cue was presented either immediately or after a 5- to 7-s pause, and the memorized finger sequence had to be reproduced DNA Damage inhibitor as quickly and accurately as possible. Each sequence length was combined with both types of delay and the two possible hands, yielding 12 distinct conditions. Each condition was presented six times throughout the whole experiment. Thus, in total, 72 trials were presented in a randomized fashion. All visual stimuli were displayed using the presentation software package (Version 12.0). A standardized finger-tapping test was performed to exclude motor dysfunction. Measurements from the neuropsychological assessment, the motor paradigm and sociodemographic data were analysed offline using MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA). Group differences were analysed using two sample t-tests. Correlations were calculated by Spearman’s rank. Gender distribution was tested by a chi-square test.