Based on two kinds of Lyapunov functions, the largest invariant sets have been characterized explicitly. Consequently, more accurate convergence of the controlled system has been achieved by the extensive LaSalle invariance principle. Compared with some existing results, the improved control performance has been shown for the nonideal case. Since the practical implementation of impulsive control has been studied in known literature, we believe that it is feasible. The optimal determination of the impulsive control Hamiltonian and impulsive instants is worth to be explored in the future work.AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the NNSF of China under Grant nos. 61174039, 61203128, the Connotative Construction Project of Shanghai University of Engineering Science (nhky-2012-13), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China, the ��Chen Guang�� Project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation (no. 12CG65), and the Research Funds of Shanghai University of Engineering Science no. 2012td19.
In an urban environment natural and human-induced environmental changes are of concern today because of deterioration of environment and human health [1]. The study of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes is very important to have proper planning and utilization of natural resources and their management [2]. Traditional methods for gathering demographic data, censuses, and analysis of environmental samples are not adequate for multicomplex environmental studies [3], since many problems often presented in environmental issues and great complexity of handling the multidisciplinary data set; we require new technologies like satellite remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GISs). These technologies provide data to study and monitor the dynamics of natural resources for environmental management [4]. Remote sensing has become an important tool applicable to developing and understanding the global, physical processes affecting the earth [5]. Recent development in the use of satellite data is to take advantage of increasing amounts of geographical data available in conjunction with GIS to assist in interpretation [6]. GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware and software capable of capturing, storing, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced (spatial) information for the purpose of aiding development-oriented management and decision-making processes [7]. Remote sensing and GIS have covered wide range of applications in the fields of agriculture [8], environments [9], and integrated eco-environment assessment [10]. Several researchers have focused on LU/LC studies because of their adverse effects on ecology of the area and vegetation [11�C14].

Curve multiplanar reconstruction image shows intramyocardial course and shifting into myocardium of middle LAD with inhibitor order us typical ��step down-step …Table 2Classification of MB according to location, thickness, and length of myocardial bridge segment.The average length and thickness of MB in all segments of the coronary arteries were 17.6 �� 5.7mm (ranged from 8 to 40mm) and 2.7 �� 0.7mm (ranged from 1.6 to 5.0mm), respectively.Through quantity measurement of MB-MCA that located in the middle segment of LAD, we found that ��thickness of MB, ��diameter and ��length of MCA between ED and ES phase were statistically significant (P < 0.05, Table 3). The average diameter reduction of MCA in the middle segment of LAD from diastole to systole phase was 1.1 �� 0.4mm (ranged from 0.3 to 2.

3mm) (Figures (Figures22 and and3).3). Figure 4 showed the percent ��thickness of MB, ��diameter and ��length of MCA from ED to ES phase, and ��thickness was the largest, followed by ��diameter, and ��length was the smallest. Furthermore, 34.9% of the MCA have diameter reduction more than 50% in systole phase.Figure 3256-slice CT angiography images of 45-year-old man with chest pain for 3 years. Short axis MPR images show LAD encased by a bridge with a thickness of 3.0mm in ED phase (a) and 5.8mm in ES phase (b). The diameter of MCA changed from …Figure 4The comparison of the percent change in thickness of MB, diameter and length of MCA from ED to ES phase. The bar graph showed that the percent of thickness change (��thickness) of MB was the largest from ED to ES phase, followed by the percent .

..Table 3Quantity analysis of MB-MCA in the middle segment of LAD (n = 178) during ED and ES phase using CT cine technique.The overall prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with MB-MCA was 33.4% (112/335), and isolated atherosclerosis plaque was found in 86 patients (26.6%), especially in the proximal segment of MB-MCA (64/335, 19.1%) (Figure 5).Figure 5256-slice CT contrast-enhanced coronary angiography image of 44-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia. Curved multiplanar reconstruction image showed long segment of MB on LAD (long arrow) and soft plaque just proximal to bridging (short arrow) in ED …4. DiscussionAs one of the nonatherosclerotic anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries, MB-MCA has become a common disease with the development of coronary artery examination modalities. However, the relationship between MB and symptoms is still unclear. The clinical significance of MB is most likely due to the anatomic narrowing of the tunneled segment caused by the overlying myocardium. Moreover, the presence of concomitant Brefeldin_A atherosclerosis and stenosis in the coronary artery segment proximal to MB will aggravate myocardial ischemia.

To determine which constraint should be satisfied first, the sum of the lower bounds blog post on the numbers of materials in all languages ��l=1rLLl and in all categories ��k=1qCLk are computed. The one with less sum will be satisfied first by randomly selecting the material that belongs to language l or category k.Algorithm 2Initialization procedure of DPSO.4.2. Constraints HandlingIn the literature, repair operators and penalty functions are widely used approaches to handling constrained optimization problems. However, due to the computationally heavy load of repair operators, we focus on solely penalty functions. For each particle, the fitness value is evaluated by (16), where O(xij) is the objective value of the studied problem given in (1), and H(xij) is a penalty factor defined in (17).

A feasible solution reflects its objective value as the fitness value, while an infeasible solution receives an objective value and a penalized value by (17). It can be seen from (17) that each term is associated with constrains (3), (6), (7), (8), and (9), as mentioned in Section 2.2. For instance, if a solution reports that the expense of any department j exceeds the budget Bj, addressed in constraints (3), then a positive penalty value can be subtracted from the fitness value to reflect the infeasibility. One hasF(xij)=O(xij)?H(xij),(16)H(xij)=��j=1mmax0,��i=1nxijeij?BjBj+��l=1rmax��i=1nyiail?LLl+��l=1rmax+��k=1qmax0,��i=1nyibik?UCk+��k=1qmaxCUk?��i=1nyibik.(17)4.3.

Scout ParticlesPremature convergence is a challenging problem faced by PSO algorithms throughout the optimization process. To avoid premature convergence in the DPSO algorithm for the Drug_discovery studied problem, this paper employs scout particles to enhance the exploration. The concept is to send out scout particles to explore the search space and collect more extensive information of optimal solutions for other particles. If a scout particle finds a solution that is quite different from the best solution and the expected fitness value is better, the scout particle will share the information with some particles by affecting their velocities.The DPSO procedure with scout particles is depicted in Figure 1. Firstly, in order to generate a feasible swarm, the particles are generated by the initialization procedure as mentioned in Section 4.1. Secondly, when the swarm has not yet converged, the regular particle s (Pst) flies through the search space by the following steps: fitness evaluation, velocity calculation, and position updating.

It is also of www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html interest to report that calorie yield in maize is two and halftimes higher than that in paddy-rice [2]. In Bangladesh, the cultivation of maize has been gaining popularity in recent years. It is now becoming an important cereal crop for its high productivity and diversified use. The agroclimatic condition of Bangladesh is favorable for its cultivation all year round. However, the average yield of local maize in the country is comparatively low (1.06tha?1), whereas the newly released varieties have the potential to produce more than 5.2tha?1 [3, 4]. Agronomic practices such as seed rate, plant population and fertilizer management are known to affect crop environment, which influence the growth and ultimately the yield [5].

Optimum population nitrogen (N) levels should be maintained to exploit maximum natural resources, such as nutrients, sunlight, and soil moisture, to ensure satisfactory growth and yield. High density is undesirable because it encourages inter plants competition for resources. N has been found to be the most important nutrient for maize production [6]. Biomass production of a crop largely depends on the function of leaf area development and consequential photosynthetic activity [7]. Photosynthetic rate can substantially be increased with N-fertilization. Application of N-fertilizer has also been reported to have significant effect on grain yield and quality of maize [8]. Hardas and Karagianne-Hrestou [9] reported that 180kgNha?1 was optimum for maize, while Singh et al. [10] observed that application of 200kgNha?1 increased grain yield of maize.

However, a substantial percentage of applied N is also lost due to volatilization, leaching, and denitrification. Therefore, N should be applied in such a way that would maximize its utilization for grain production. There are some reports on N-management [6] and the optimization of population density per unit area [11] for the maximum harvest of maize. However, the relationship between maize forage yield and plant density is not well established. Maize producers require more information on how N-fertilization and plant density practices affect dry-matter yield and quality.Keeping the above information in view, the present study was conducted to (1) determine the growth and growth efficiency of maize at different levels of N-fertilizer and plant population and (2) determine the optimum N-fertilizer application and plant population density for the maize growing farmers.

We examined the plant height, light interception (LI), leaf area index (LAI), total dry-matter (TDM), grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI) of maize plants in treated soils. In addition, soil-plant-analysis development (SPAD) values, dry-mass (DM), and harvest index (HI) of maize Carfilzomib plants were also evaluated.

Later, FDCCII was employed for realizing this function with better twice characteristics, as shall follow in chronological order.The year 2007 saw many works in the form of both current and voltage modes. Translinear-C all-pass sections in current-mode with accessible outputs at high impedance nodes enjoyed electronic tunability and high frequency operation [7]. Quadrature oscillator applications confirmed the utility of proposed all-pass sections, but the drawback of employing floating capacitor again turned out to be a blessing in disguise like other work [1�C5]. It ensured easy high frequency signal transmission from input to output node through ideally shorted capacitor (at high frequencies), bypassing the active element and hence its frequency limitations.

Another current-mode work became available with the advantage of employing two grounded components, easy for integration, and an active element in the form of a modified DVCC with a topology compatibility with CCIII as well [8]. This paper [8] introduced the concept of modified DVCC with a current transfer gain fromXtoZterminal of ��2�� instead of traditional ��unity�� value. However, input current insertion at two nodes necessitated additional current follower block for practical purpose [8]. Next, CDBA-based voltage-mode all-pass filters were reported in the same year with the advantage of low output impedance [9]. CCCDBA had already been proposed by the author; hence, the new circuits [9] were shown to be compatible with the new active element and hence electronically tunable.

CCCDBA-based circuits employed only two passive components and provided new directions for further study on tunable realizations using the active element.None of the voltage-mode circuits discussed so far [1�C3, 5, 6, 9] exhibited high input impedance and use of only grounded passive components. The work based on two DVCCs with onlyZ+ stages and three passive grounded components contributed six circuits each enjoying high input impedance as well [10]. High input impedance allowed easy cascading within a voltage mode system, while grounded components ensured fabrication ease. The former feature was demonstrated in quadrature oscillator design therein [10]. Very soon similar work appeared where six distinct circuits with high input impedance were proposed [11]. The matching requirements in [10] were in a ratio of ��2��, whereas the same in [11] required a ratio of ��1.

�� The circuits of [11] were more practical by the way of employing a resistive or capacitive termination Brefeldin_A at the outputZnode, unlike the circuits of [10], where the output appeared at high impedance node (Z) with no terminations. The catalogue of 12 circuits [10, 11] provide a new advancement to the knowledge on DVCC-based realizations, which was further enriched by a current-mode paper with one DVCC and two grounded components [12].

We present changes in the characteristics studied, calculated per genet containing several ramets formed during the vegetative growth. In the last year of observation, we observed disintegration of genets and formation of clone selleck inhibitor clusters. Despite this fact, we defined the units as genets, that is, genetic individuals containing some ramets.2.3. Measurements under Field ConditionsEach summer, at the peak of flowering, 30 individuals per each mode of plant establishment were measured when available. Several vegetative and reproductive characters were measured: the total number of ramets per genet (TNR), the number of flowering ramets per genet (NFR), the height of flowering stems per genet (HS), the number of heads per genet (NH), the number of heads per flowering stem of the genet (NHFS), and the head diameter per genet.

The total area of heads per genet (AH) was calculated on the basis of the head diameter. On the basis of 6-year observation, the cumulative area of heads per genet (CAH) and the cumulative number of heads per genet (CNH) were determined. The morphological and reproductive parameters were recorded from 30 plants/repetition.The survival time was assessed by recording survival of individual plants each June from the beginning of the experiment until July 2012. A plant was considered dead when it was not found during subsequent censuses. The presented climatic data were obtained from the Felin climatic station.2.4. Statistical AnalysisPrior to the analysis, all data were tested for normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Variance heterogeneity was checked using a Levene?s test.

Parametric data were tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent Tukey tests (data were normally distributed with homogeneous variances). When the data were not normally distributed or the variance was not homogeneous, the differences between the 3 modes of introduction were tested using Kruskal-Wallis tests with subsequent Mann-Whitney U-tests. All results are expressed as Batimastat means �� SD, and the differences were considered significant P < 0.05. All statistical analyses were carried out using the Statistica software programme.3. ResultsThe total number of ramets per genet (TNR) differed significantly between the three different modes of plant establishment in each study year (Table 1, Figure 2). In the first full vegetation season (2007), plants introduced as CS formed 2�C6 new offspring ramets (mean 5.4), and genets introduced as RS formed 3�C8 new offspring ramets (mean 6.4). However, individuals grown from seeds produced 2�C5 new offspring rosettes (mean 3.4). In the second year of observation, the CS genets had a higher TNR, while in the third year, the RS were characterised by a higher TNR.

Some important papers which deal with the reconcilability of the Bayesian and frequentist evidence are Bartlett [4], Erlotinib solubility Cox [5], Shafer [6], Berger and Delampady [7], and Berger and Sellke [8].Although many researches have been carried out to deal with the problem of reconciling the Bayesian and frequentist evidence and some of them show that evidence is reconcilable in several specific situations, most of the existing work assumes that no other unknown parameters are present except the parameters of interest. In fact, we may be confronted with the nuisance parameters in various situations. In the location-scale settings, for example, when the location parameter is unknown, so is the scale parameter, in general.However, in significance testing of hypotheses with the nuisance parameters, the classical P values are typically not available.

Tsui and Weerahandi [9], considering testing the one-sided hypothesis of the H1:��?versus?formH0:�ȡ�c>c,(1)where �� is the parameter of interest and c is a fixed constant, introduced the concept of the generalized P value, which appears to be useful in situations where conventional frequentist approaches do not provide useful solutions.Tsui and Weerahandi [9] and some later relevant works formulated the generalized P values for many specific examples. Hannig et al. [10] provided a general method for constructing the generalized P value via fiducial inference.In this paper, for the one-sided testing situations about normal means where the nuisance parameters are present, we study the reconcilability of the Bayesian evidence and the generalized P value.

It is shown that, under the conjugate class of prior distributions, the Bayesian evidence and the generalized P value are reconcilable both for the problem of testing a normal mean and for the Behrens-Fisher problem.This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give the main results of the reconcilability of the P value and the Bayesian evidence in testing normal means. Some conclusions and discussions are given in Section 3.2. Main ResultsIn this section, we consider two testing problems in which the nuisance parameters are present. When no efficient classical frequentist evidence is available because of the presence of the nuisance parameters, we formulate the frequentist evidence by the generalized P value.2.1.

One-Sample Normal Mean Let X1,��, Xn be a random sample from a normal population N(��, ��2), where both the mean �� and the variance ��2 are unknown. Consider now the following problem of testing the mean of a normal H1:��?versus?distributionH0:�̡�c>c,(2)where c is a fixed constant.For this testing problem, where the nuisance parameter is present, we can still obtain the classical Anacetrapib P value asp(x)=P(Tn?1��n(c?x��)s),(3)where Tn?1 is a t-variable with n ? 1 degrees of freedom and x�� and s2 stand for the observed sample mean and sample variance, respectively.

2.4. Statistical AnalysisData were presented as count and percentage. Sensitivity and specificity of CRA method were calculated according to Ilstrup, [22] using 2 �� 2 table and MTP method as gold standard. The kappa coefficient test was also used to determine the agreement between the results obtained by the CRA method.3. Results3.1. Bacterial Isolation and IdentificationThe selleck kinase inhibitor 108 Staphylococcus isolates were identified to be 40 S. aureus and 68 CNS. 3.2. Biofilm Formation3.2.1. Slime Production on Congo Red Agar (CRA) The results of biofilm production by S. aureus and CNS using CRA method are demonstrated in Table 2. About 70.4% of the isolates were positive for biofilm production with varied degree. Out of 40 S. aureus strains, 32.5%, 35%, and 32.5% were strong, intermediate, and negative biofilm producers, respectively.

Among the 68 CNS strains, 29.5%, 42.6%, and 27.9% were strong, intermediate, and negative biofilm producers, respectively. Totally, from the 108 Staphylococcus isolates, 33 (30.6%), 27 (25%), 16 (14.8%), and 32 (29.6%) were dry black, smooth black, dry red, and smooth red, respectively. Morphology of all types of colonies is showed in Figure 1. Figure 1Screening of biofilm (slime) producer Staphylococci using Congo red agar plate method ((a) dry black colonies; (b) smooth black colonies; (c) dry red colonies; (d) smooth red colonies).Table 2Biofilm formation in S. aureus and CNS isolates according to CRA method.3.2.2. Biofilm Formation by MTP Method As shown in Figure 2 and Table 3, approximately 96.3% of the isolates were biofilm producers with MTP method, although production level varied.

The biofilm production of S. aureus isolates (100%) was slightly higher than that of CNS isolates (94.1%). In the biofilm positive S. aureus strains, 52.5% of isolates were strong producers, while 27.5% and 20% were moderate and weak, respectively. Out of the biofilm positive CNS isolates, 44%, 30.9%, and 19.2% were strong, moderate, and weak, respectively.Figure 2 2 Microtiter plate method showing none, strong, moderate, and weak biofilm producers differentiated by crystal violet stain in 96-well tissue culture plate.Table 3Biofilm formation in S. aureus and CNS isolates according to MTP method.Comparison of results obtained by CRA method versus that of MTP method is declared in Table 4.

Out of 32 biofilm negative Staphylococcus isolates by CRA method, 28 isolates were positive by MTP method but with different degrees of production (4 strong, 8 moderate, 16 weak) and only 4 CNS isolates were true negative by both methods. CRA method Brefeldin_A showed little correlation with MTP assay where only 76 (70.4%) of the isolates were positive by both methods, kappa coefficient 0.167 slight agreement. The sensitivity and specificity of CRA method versus MTP method as gold standard were calculated to be 73.1% and 100%, respectively.Table 4CRA method versus MTP method for detection of biofilm formation by S. aureus and CNS isolates.3.2.3.

Studies on depolymerization of chitosans having relatively high initial molecular weights by acid hydrolysis have been also reported [26�C28]. The present studies focused on fragmentation of chitosan for preparation of the sellectchem fragments having wide ranges of molecular weights using soft experimental conditions (concentration of HCl between 0.1 and 1M and temperature = 65��C). We report the effect of HCl (C = 0�C1.0N) on the average number of chain scissions (��), molecular weight distribution (polydispersity), and the DA of the fragments. A rapid method to estimate molecular weight of fragments while fragmentation process is continuing is proposed. 2. Materials and Methods2.1. MaterialsHigh viscosity shrimp-shell chitosan with a nominal DA of 25% was purchased from Nova-Chem. Ltd.

(Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada) and was purified as follows: chitosan was dissolved in 0.2M HCl with constant stirring for 16 hours at room temperature. Suspended particles remaining in the solution were separated by centrifugation. The solutions were neutralized (pH, 7.8) with 1.0M NaOH. The chitosan particles suspended in aqueous medium were recovered by centrifugation, washed with deionized water several times, and dried by lyophilization. Acetic acid (HAc) and sodium acetate (NaAc) were of HPLC grade. CD3COOD and D2O were of analytical grade. All other chemicals were of analytical grade. 2.2. Fragmentation2.2.1. Kinetics Purified original chitosan was dissolved in 0.05M HCl with a constant stirring at room temperature for 12h. Hydrochloric acid with concentration of 2.3M was then added to chitosan solution.

Final HCl and chitosan concentrations in the latter solution were 0.5M and 1.0% (w/v), respectively. Hydrolytic fragmentation was carried out in a 1000mL spherical flask equipped with a vertical condenser at 65��C for 30h, while the solution was constantly stirred. A certain amount of the solution was drawn periodically and cooled down to 0��C immediately. One part of the solution was used to measure the solution viscosity at 25��C. Another part was used for recovery of chitosan fragments. The fragments have been used to measure intrinsic viscosity, the DA determination, and structural characterization. After fragmentation process, the fragments were recovered from chitosan suspension solutions as follows: the solution was neutralized with 1.0N NaOH.

The chitosan particles suspended in solution were precipitated by centrifugation, washed with deionized water, and recovered by lyophilization. 2.2.2. Effect of HCl Concentration Reactions were performed as before except that final HCl concentration was varied between 0.1 and 1.0M and reaction was AV-951 terminated after 5h. The reaction mixture was subsequently neutralized with 1.0M NaOH to recover chitosan fragments. The recovery procedure was performed as described in Section 2.2.1.2.3. Characterization2.3.1.

Donor-like traps mainly originate from shallow impurities, interface states, and surface states. They selleckbio may interact with the negative charges in the surface which have a decisive influence on the 2DEG in the HEMT channels [12�C16]. The effects of donor-like surface traps with different energy levels and density have been ignored in previous work.In this paper, we analyze these ignored effects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a two-dimensional device simulation method. We adopt the density of the surface charge as a measurement of the activities of surface traps, since filling or emptying charges on the surface from the traps can change the charge density on the surface directly and influence the response of the channel electrons to the voltage consequently.

The sensitivity of current collapse to the variation of negative charges on the surface is firstly investigated for a better understanding of behavior of donor-like surface traps.2. Method and Device StructureTwo-dimensional drift-diffusion simulations of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are performed. Device structure of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT is shown in Figure 1. The gate length is 0.7��m and the opening spaces between the contacts are LGD = 0.7��m and LSG = 2��m. The thickness of AlGaN layer with composition of 35% aluminum is 29nm. The mobilities of electrons and holes in GaN layer are 100cm2V?1s?1and 30cm2V?1s?1, respectively. The mobilities of electrons and holes in AlGaN layer are 100cm2 V?1 s?1 and 5cm2V?1s?1, respectively [9, 17�C21].Figure 1Cross-sectional structure of AlGaN/GaN HEMT.

Positive sheet charge +��pol is caused by spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric effect. Equivalent negative sheet charge ?��pol is fixed on the AlGaN surface. Surface trap states …A positive sheet charge +��pol caused by spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric effect [22�C24] is fixed at the interface and the equivalent negative sheet charge ?��pol on the AlGaN surface. The fixed sheet charge density is assumed to be ?1.15 �� 1013cm?2 on the AlGaN surface and 1.15 �� 1013cm?2 at AlGaN/GaN interface [25�C27], respectively. Surface states ��T are considered uniformly distributed on the regions between source and gate. When the surface states are taken into calculation, the initial charge density is modified by adding or removing static charges at the surface. The net charge density between the contacts is expressed as ��net = ?��pol + ��T.

A default temperature of 300K is employed in simulations [28]. A transient voltage Vdd = 6V is applied to the drain with maintaining gate bias VG = 0V. The drain voltage is pulsed from 0.1V to Vdd and the pulse time is adjusted in each case. 3. Results and DiscussionIn Figure 2, the reduction of average electron density in the channel is shown Entinostat as the surface charges, ��T,change from 0 to ?5 �� 1012cm?2. The increase of negative charge density (NCD) on the surface leads to the depletion of 2DEG.