The concentrations MDV3100 solubility dmso of sodium and potassium ions were determined by the method of.11 The data obtained from the laboratory results of the tests were

subjected to One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were observed at p ≤ 0.05. The results were expressed as means of five replicates ± standard deviations (SD). This analysis was done using the computer software known as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16. The qualitative phytochemical analyses showed, the presence of saponins in very high concentration in both fractions of the chloroform–methanol extract of the leaves of P. americana ( Table 1). Flavonoids were found to be present in very high concentration GDC-0449 in vitro and moderately high concentration in the chloroform and the methanol fractions respectively. Tannins, terpenoids and steroids were found to be present in moderately high concentrations in both fractions

as shown in Table 1. The phytochemical constituents of the chloroform and the methanol fractions of the chloroform–methanol extract of the leaves of P. americana are summarised in Table 2. The chloroform fraction of the extract contained higher percentages of alkaloids (2.67 ± 0.13%), flavonoids (3.20 ± 0.17%) and steroids (1.36 ± 0.04%) than the methanol fraction while the methanol fraction contained higher percentages of saponins (2.23 ± 0.09%) and tannins (2.73 ± 0.13%) than the chloroform fraction ( Table 2). The charcoal meal (gastro-intestinal motility) test was used to determine the propulsive movement along the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of rats. As shown in Fig. 1, the methanol and the chloroform fractions of the extract at the tested doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of each) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage distance travelled by the charcoal meal along the gastro-intestinal tract of rats in groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 when compared to PAK6 the value obtained for rats in the charcoal meal-treated control

group (group 2). The observed effects were dose-dependent with percentage distance travelled by charcoal meal as 62.25 ± 4.57, 57.25 ± 1.50, 58.25 ± 2.22 and 35.25 ± 2.36 for rats in the 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the methanol fraction-treated groups (groups 4 and 5), 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the chloroform fraction-treated groups (groups 6 and 7) respectively when compared to the value (70.25 ± 3.30) obtained for rats in the charcoal meal-treated control group (group 2). The effects of the methanol and the chloroform fractions of the extract at the tested doses were comparable to that of the standard anti-diarrhoeal agent (hyoscine butylbromide) as shown in Fig. 1. Result of the intestinal fluid sodium ion concentration test as shown in Fig. 2, shows that the rats of the castor oil-treated control group (group 2) had significantly (p < 0.05) increased intestinal fluid sodium ion concentration (227.00 ± 3.46) when compared to the value (192.75 ± 11.

For both fHbp and NHBA, antigen peptides with high frequency in the sample were associated mostly with one or two ccs, the most diverse cc being cc41/44 for both antigens. In general each peptide had a similar proportion of coverage when found in strains belonging to different ccs, with the exception of the NHBA peptide 21 that was significantly more covered in cc269 than

in cc35, suggesting a bias in the level of antigen expression associated with the genetic diversity between the two ccs. Albeit strains harboring specific combinations of MLST and antigen genotype were consistently covered (e.g. cc32 and fHbp1.1; cc41/44 and fHbp1.4; cc41/44 and NHBA2) the selleck kinase inhibitor majority of genetic profiles had both strains covered and not covered, confirming that antigen genotyping, neither alone nor in combination with MLST, would be sufficient to predict vaccine strain coverage for all isolates. While our active population-based sentinel surveillance data provide the most comprehensive measurement learn more of IMD in Canada, several limitations apply. MenB IMD is rare and the numbers in any given age group or province are small; therefore our ability to detect differences among subgroups is limited, and differences in strain coverage among age or geographic groups were not statistically significant. Approximately 20% of MenB cases in our data were confirmed by PCR only with no isolate available for testing. Additionally, IMPACT surveillance includes

primarily urban areas of Canada and may not be representative of remote or rural regions. The MATS provides a conservative estimate of vaccine coverage, which may be an underestimate [15] and [28]. Finally, although the nadA gene was found in 12 isolates (7%) in our study, only two (1%) expressed NadA with a RP above the PBT. Since expression of NadA is repressed in vitro,

but not in vivo, conditions, MATS may underestimate NadA’s contribution to vaccine strain coverage [29] and [30]. Our study characterizes the current MenB molecular epidemiology and provides a good estimate of the potential coverage of 4CMenB. Accurate post-implementation Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease surveillance and/or post-implementation effectiveness studies will be necessary to determine the true effectiveness of this new vaccine [31], taking into account the level of vaccine coverage in the population and any herd protection. We gratefully acknowledge the expert assistance provided by the IMPACT Monitor Liaison (Heather Samson), the IMPACT nurse monitors and staff of the IMPACT data center (Kim Marty, Wenli Zhang, Shu Yu Fan and Debbe Heayn), the National Microbiology Laboratory (Averil Henderson), the HPA laboratory Manchester, UK (Jay Lucidarme, Stefanie Gilchrist and Danielle Thompson) and our public health and infectious disease colleagues. We thank the Directors and staff of the provincial and territorial public health laboratories for providing the isolates for this study. Author contributions: J.A.

In addition, although the cell line has recently been successfully grown on Transwell® cell culture inserts ( Wang et al., 2009), its ability to form layers morphologically similar to the native upper airway epithelium at an air–liquid (AL) interface, as described for Calu-3

( Grainger et al., 2006) and NHBE ( Lin et al., 2007) cells, has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we report the optimisation of RL-65 cell culture conditions on Transwell® inserts at an AL interface. The morphology and barrier properties of cell layers grown in two different media were characterised. Additionally, expression of selected drug transporters was quantified and P-gp functionality investigated in the model. This study this website provides an initial appraisal of the suitability of AL interfaced RL-65 layers for filling the current gap between rat ex/in vivo and human in vitro absorption models in pre-clinical drug development. The RL-65 cell line was obtained from the ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA) and used for experiments between passage numbers 3 and 17 from purchase. Cells were cultured in 75 cm2 flasks using a serum-free medium composed of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham’s selleckchem F12 nutrient mixture (DMEM/Ham F12) 1:1, supplemented with 85 nM selenium, 2.5 μg/ml bovine insulin, 5.4 μg/ml human transferrin, 30 μM ethanolamine, 100 μM phosphoethanolamine, 500 nM hydrocortisone, 5 μM forskolin, 50 nM

retinoic acid and 0.15 mg/ml bovine pituitary extract (Sigma–Aldrich, Poole, UK). Medium was exchanged thrice weekly and cells were passaged when 90% confluent using a 1:20 split ratio. Calu-3 cells were purchased from the ATCC, used between passages 25–30 and cultured as outlined previously by Madlova et al. (2009). Normal human primary bronchial

epithelial (NHBE) cells were purchased from Lonza (Slough, Berkshire, UK) and cultured (passage 2) using the Lonza proprietary B-ALI® kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RL-65 cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/cm2 on 0.4 μm pore size, 1.13 cm2 polyester Transwell® cell culture supports (Corning Costar, High Wycombe, UK) Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase and cultured in submerged (LL) conditions or raised at an air–liquid (AL) interface after 24 h. The cell culture medium was either that outlined above with the addition of 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin antibiotic solution (herein referred to as serum free medium (SFM)) or an alternative serum containing medium (SCM) comprising DMEM/Ham F12 (1:1) supplemented with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (non-USA origin, Sigma), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin antibiotic solution, 2 mM l-glutamine and 1% v/v non-essential amino acids (all from Sigma). For LL culture, the apical and basolateral compartments of the Transwell® contained 0.5 ml or 1.5 ml of medium, respectively. For AL culture, 0.5 ml of medium was added to the basolateral chamber only. The medium was subsequently replaced in respective compartments on alternate days.

Few trials of interdisciplinary click here approaches have been conducted in a chronic WAD group, and these approaches have been varied, from physiotherapists delivering psychological-type interventions in addition to physiotherapy to psychological interventions alone. In their systematic review, Teasell et al56

concluded that although the majority of studies suggest that interdisciplinary interventions are beneficial, it is difficult to formulate conclusions given the heterogeneity of the interventions. Since that review, additional trials have investigated psychological approaches for chronic WAD. Dunne and colleagues12 showed that trauma-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy provided to individuals with chronic WAD and post-traumatic stress disorder led to decreased psychological symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression, as well as decreased pain-related disability. Although preliminary, the results of this study suggest that psychological interventions may be useful to improve

not only psychological selleck inhibitor symptoms, but also pain-related disability. From a clinical perspective, some individuals with WAD will report various psychological symptoms, particularly those with an already chronic condition. Psychological symptoms may be related to pain, for example, pain catastrophising, pain-related fear, pain coping strategies and other symptoms related to the traumatic event itself (road traffic crash), such as

post-traumatic stress symptoms or post-traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, there is emerging evidence that feelings of injustice associated with the accident or compensation system72 may also be present. Such factors will need to be evaluated in the clinical assessment of patients with WAD (see Table 2). If confident, the physiotherapist may then decide to manage them as part of their treatment plan or to initiate appropriate referral. This may be to the patient’s general practitioner or a clinical psychologist for further assessment of the psychological symptoms. The decision to Thiamine-diphosphate kinase refer or not can be made via relevant questionnaires, with high scores indicating referral may be necessary and psychologically informed physiotherapy treatment for more moderate scores, but with reassessment and referral if no improvement is made. An important aim for the treatment of acute WAD is the identification of people at risk of poor recovery, and to then prevent the development of chronic pain and disability. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence available to guide the clinician to achieve this goal, and this is frustrating for clinicians and researchers alike. Whilst there is now much better understanding of the characteristics of the condition and factors predictive of poor recovery, much less progress has been made in the development of improved and effective interventions.

Batch FM 18 and FM 19 showed 12 h floating but drug release was less Dorsomorphin datasheet the FM 10. Matrix forming gums like Xanthan gum and Guar gum also tried from FM 20 and FM 21 for floating behavior, but they were failed to float because of high densities. The drug release profile of cefdinir floating layer is shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The release profile from FM 10 in a

controlled manner with no burst release was seen. The release profiles seemed dependent on the initial drug concentration. FM 1, FM 2, FM 15, FM 16, FM20 and FM 21 did not show adequate floating tendency. To analyze the cefdinir release mechanism as well as to select the matrix layer for CBT formulation, in vitro release data were fitted into various release equations and kinetic models like first order, zero order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer and Peppas. FM 10 (Matrix layer) was chosen as the optimized formulation because

it showed more linearity between the cumulative percentage cefdinir released versus time (zero order) and Korsmeyer and Peppas, as indicated by the highest value of the correlation coefficient R2 among all the matrix layer formulations, and best fitted both zero order (R2 = 0.9986) and Korsmeyer buy GSK2118436 and Peppas (R2 = 0.9838) models. Thus, it may be concluded that drug release from cefdinir matrix layer is best explained by the Korsmeyer and Peppas model and zero order. The value of the slope (0.8891) indicates that the drug released by zero order type

as shown in Table 5. CBT showed biphasic release (as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4), in the first phase of the drug release profile depended on the concentration of the drug in the upper layer as an immediate dose, was released in less than 60 min, because of fast releasing components of loading layer. Second phase of release, the data were fitted into various kinetic models. Based on the n (0.8891) value of Korsmeyer and Peppas model, the mechanism of cefdinir floating layer followed zero order. The FTIR of plain drug, CBT and Placebo tablet is depicted in Fig. 5. The characteristic peaks of pattern followed the same trajectory as that of the drug alone with minor difference due to dilution effect. Stability enough studies were carried out at 45 °C and 75% RH for three months (climatic zone IV condition for accelerated testing) to assess their long-term (2 years) stability of CBT formulation. The protocols of stability studies were in compliance with the guidelines in the WHO document14 for stability testing of products intended for the global market. After storage, the formulation was subjected to a drug assay, floating behavior and in vitro dissolution studies. The statistical analysis of the parameter of dissolution data (F 2 = 70.

5 mm and ≤ 4.0 mm by angiogram; 4) main target vessel classified as Thrombolysis and Myocardial Infarction Selleck C59 wnt (TIMI) grade 3 flow and 5) lesion length ≤ 25 mm. Patients were excluded if there was evidence of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) within 72 hours prior to the intended treatment or previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgery on any vessel within 30 days prior to the intended intervention. Additionally, only one lesion could

be treated during the index procedure. If the patient had two lesions, the patient was staged and the non-target lesion was treated first. Per study protocol, the creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) levels were required to be within laboratory normal ranges at least 12 hours after non-target lesion treatment and within 8 hours prior to treating the target lesion. The Diamondback 360º® Coronary Orbital Atherectomy System (Cardiovascular Systems, Inc., St. Paul, MN) has been successfully used to treat calcified peripheral vascular stenosis

since 2007. The system has been adapted for use in coronary arteries. The OAS is a percutaneous, endovascular system that incorporates the use of centrifugal force and differential sanding to modify calcified lesions. The OAS utilizes an eccentrically mounted, diamond-coated crown (Fig. 1) that orbits over an atherectomy guide wire at high speeds. Position of the crown within the vessel RO4929097 solubility dmso is controlled via a control handle (Fig. 2). As treatment proceeds, a thin layer of plaque is removed with each pass of the crown. This allows the crown to “sand” away the calcified lesion while the more elastic DNA ligase tissue flexes away from the crown to increase lumen size and modify plaque compliance, depending on the rotational speed chosen. The crown’s orbital diameter expands radially via centrifugal force. The orbital atherectomy procedure removes the calcified stenotic lesion material to increase vessel compliance prior to balloon angioplasty and stent placement, which

may lead to reduced acute vascular injury. Overall, 50 patients were enrolled in the ORBIT I multi-center study. One of the participating centers (Care Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Ahmedabad, India) enrolled and followed 33 of these 50 ORBIT I patients were followed up at Care Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Ahmedabad, India. Ethics committee approval was received and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines were followed for the conduct of the study. Patients who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and gave written informed consent were enrolled. All procedures were performed electively. Patients underwent percutaneous coronary treatment in the standard fashion.

56 μg/mL on both the cancer cell lines ( Tables 1 and 2). Figs. 1 and 2 depict the morphological changes in A549 and MCF-7 cells treated with methanolic extracts of B. hispida and M. dioica, indicating the formation of spherical shaped cells which is the onset of apoptosis occurring in the concentration dependent manner. As the cell’s intrinsic cell death program, apoptosis plays a key role in growth control of cells and tissue homeostasis. Therefore, the induction and recovery of the apoptotic response in tumor cells are relevant steps in anticancer treatment. Navitoclax clinical trial The anticancer potential

of Rubiaceae plant species has been recorded, which includes the cell growth inhibiting effects of methanolic leaf extract of Oldenlandia diffusa (Rubiaceae), on different PF-01367338 cost cancer cell lines. 13 The methanol extract of the flowers of Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae), contain ursolic acid, which is known to posses antitumor activity. 14 The antitumor activity of methanol extract of aerial parts of Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitacae), 15 and Momordica cymbalaria 16 was identified on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) models in mice. Kiran et al reported that the anticancer effects of methanol extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana exhibited the inhibition of cell growth at the IC50 value of 1.35 μg/mL for MCF-7 cells. 17 According to the above mentioned discussions, it can be stated that methanolic extracts of plants may contain

potential compounds or active principles which can act as

effective sources of anticancer agents. The results of this study indicate that the methanolic seed Mephenoxalone extract of B. hispida showed anticancer activity by causing 50% inhibition of A549 cells at IC50 value of 3.125 μg/mL and MCF-7 cells at IC50 value of 1.56 μg/mL. Inhibitory action was also observed with the treatment of methanolic seed extracts of M. dioica on A549 cells at the IC50 value of 12.5 μg/mL and on MCF-7 cells at the IC50 value of 3.125 μg/mL. In essence, the present work revealed that B. hispida and M. dioica, contains some important chemical constituents extracted using methanol as solvent, that can be used further in the management of cancer treatment. All authors have none to declare. “
“Diabetes has been estimated to affect 177 million people worldwide, and this figure is estimated to increase 300 million by 2025.1 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) is one of the most common chronic diseases and is associated with co-morbidities such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.2 Currently a variety of therapeutic drugs are available for management of type 2 diabetes, such as acarbose, migitol and voglibose known to inhibit a wide range of glycosidases. But these drugs have certain adverse effects such as hyperglycemia at higher doses, liver problems, lactic acidosis, and diarrhea.

These findings verify that the coculture model system was functional and particles that were applied apically (on top of the filter membrane) and able to diffuse through the collagen-1 coated filter membrane and reach the endothelial monolayer. Under coculture selleck conditions with H441 on the upper-side of the filter membrane and apical exposure of NPs, no uptake could be observed in ISO-HAS-1 for both NPs (Fig. 7, right column), although a detectable uptake was seen after 48 h exposure on the apical side of the filter membrane. The barrier properties were also evaluated following the apical (H441) exposure to Sicastar Red and AmOrSil. TER (Fig. 8A) was measured after exposure to Sicastar Red

(60–300 μg/ml) for 4 h and 4 h/20 h (4 h exposure and 20 h further DAPT in vivo cultivation in fresh serum-containing medium). Very high concentrations (300 μg/ml) resulted in a dramatic decrease of TER after 4 h (11.5 ± 6.6% of t0) and remained significant reduced during the 20 h recovery period (24 ± 21% of t0). Furthermore, TER was also checked for the permanent incubation for 48 h to Sicastar Red (60 μg/ml) and AmOrSil (300 μg/ml). No significant alterations to the TER occurred during the 48 h exposure compared to the untreated control, which demonstrated that a functional barrier was present during coculture transport experiments. The untreated control showed reduced TER values

after 24 h (91 ± 8% of t0), and these further decreased after 48 h (76 ± 11% of t0). But, even with the reduction Isotretinoin of TER, a functional barrier could be maintained after 48 h with 390 ± 83 Ω cm2. IL-8 and sICAM released from cells was determined after Sicastar Red exposure for 4 h/20 h (60–300 μg/ml). As control groups, transwell-monocultures (H441, seeded on the top and ISO-HAS-1 seeded on the bottom side of the

filter membrane) were evaluated along with the coculture under the same culture conditions with Sicastar Red applied apically (on the H441 side). A concentration of 300 μg/ml in the CC resulted in a dramatic IL-8 release into the upper compartment (27 ± 9-fold of untreated control uc) but not into the lower compartment, which was on the contrary observed for the H441 transwell-monoculture without ISO-HAS-1 in the lower chamber (4 ± 1.2-fold of uc). However, a significant increase of sICAM (1.76 ± 0.4% of uc) could be detected in the lower compartment of the CC (ISO-HAS-1 side) after exposure to 300 μg/ml Sicastar Red. The monoculture with ISO-HAS-1 showed higher levels of sICAM (60 μg/ml: 2.25 ± 1.3%, 100 μg/ml: 2.3 ± 0.6%, 300 μg/ml: 3.3 ± 1.1% of uc) in the apical (upper) compartment (the stimulated side and basolateral side of the ISO-HAS-1). A concentration of 60 μg/ml Sicastar Red did not cause an IL-8 elevation after 4 h/20 h but after 48 h continuous exposure (7.5 ± 3.5% of uc).

He created a culture of academic curiosity and inquisitiveness that permeated all aspects of the department. He initiated a K-12 institutional mentored clinician–scientist training program and produced a nurturing environment for the development of clinician–scientists. Cabozantinib price Dr Epstein produced a legacy that will benefit all of ophthalmology, and medicine in general as well. Dr Epstein had an encyclopedic knowledge of basic science and clinical practice in ophthalmology. He could have an informed discussion about the engineering aspects of aqueous humor drainage, clinical practice in

the management of the difficult glaucoma patient, cellular and molecular biology in the eye, and Duke Basketball. This demonstrated Dr Epstein’s wide-ranging and inquisitive mind, which allowed him to lead by example in so many areas of ophthalmic research. As a research leader and mentor, Dr Epstein formed a group of basic scientists and MD clinician–scientists at Duke to create a critical mass for translational science. He was a major advocate for a second year of glaucoma research

training for glaucoma fellows. He was very proud of the students he trained, both at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and at Duke. In addition to encouraging others, Dr Epstein set a shining example as a dedicated and committed clinician–scientist who was continually at the forefront of research, selleck products generating important new ideas until his premature death. Dr Epstein was among the first to propose the concept of trabecular meshwork dysfunction induced by oxidative stress and carried out important early experiments that clarified how the trabecular meshwork dealt with its harsh oxidative environment. With more than 230 original scholarly publications, he made important scientific contributions, particularly

in glaucoma. Using modern tools and approaches, he was among the first to recognize the importance Levetiracetam of cytoskeletal function, specifically actin-myosin tone, on aqueous outflow facility. His experiments on the role of perfused pigment on outflow facility in monkey eyes and the possible role of trabecular meshwork obstruction by serum proteins are classic examples of elegant experimental design that helped to establish important basic principles about how the trabecular meshwork could deal with extraneous materials. Dr Epstein sought to translate his ideas and discoveries into clinical practice. To that end, he helped found Aerie Pharmaceuticals, which refined and advanced his work to develop a trabecular active glaucoma drug. At the time of his passing, Aerie was beginning phase 3 clinical trials with a promising compound, an inhibitor of Rho kinase and norepinephrine transporter. In addition to his contributions to basic science and clinical practice, Dr Epstein was a dedicated member of the ophthalmic community, serving in a number of important administrative and leadership roles.

Comparisons between the two groups in terms of the ELISA and SBA results were performed by Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney Anti-cancer Compound Library in vitro test. Mean

pre- and post-vaccination titers (ELISA and SBA) were compared by paired Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon test. Intragroup differences between pre- and post-vaccination values were considered statistically significant at a level of 5%. In addition, a difference between two groups of similar size and similar variance whose 95% CIs do not overlap was considered significant at a level of approximately 5%, thus enabling significant differences between groups to be assessed by non-overlapping CIs. Chi-square tests (χ2) or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare the groups in terms of the proportions Selleck Roxadustat of patients with SBA titers ≥8, patients

showing a 4-fold rise in SBA titers, patients who responded to the vaccine, and patients who experienced side effects. The remaining variables of the study, including sociodemographic and clinical variables, were analyzed by descriptive statistics – mean (standard deviation) or median (minimum and maximum) – when quantitative and by proportions when qualitative. A level of significance of 5% was considered for all statistical tests. The statistical software used in all analysis was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We included a total of 92 individuals in the study (mean age = 13.9 years, range 10–19 years), from May to December 2009: 43 in the HIV+ group (mean age = 13.8 years; range 10–19 years); and 49 in the HIV− group (mean age = 13.9 years; range 10–19 years). In the sample as a whole and in each

of the two groups, 52.7% of the patients were female and 47.3% were male. All of the patients in the HIV+ group were under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). There were no losses in either of the study groups. As shown in Table 1, the mean level of post-vaccination tuclazepam response was higher in the HIV− group than in the HIV+ group, whether evaluated by ELISA (p = 0.001) or by SBA (p < 0.001). The differences between groups are evidenced by the non-overlapping 95% CIs. Before vaccination, the percentage of patients with SBA titers ≥8 was higher in the HIV− group than in the HIV+ group (34.7% vs. 16.3%). There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of these titers (Table 1). In the HIV+ group, 35 (81.4%) of the patients had a post-vaccination SBA titer ≥8, compared with 100% of those in the HIV− group. A 4-fold increase in the SBA titer after vaccination was observed in 31 (72.1%) of the HIV+ group patients, again compared with 100% of those in the HIV− group (Table 1). We defined a positive antibody response to the vaccine as the combination of the established protective criteria (a post-vaccination SBA titer ≥8 and a 4-fold increase over the initial titer). Of the 43 HIV+ group patients, 31 (72.