, 2004) also possess ACCD putative sequences (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Trive1/Trive1.home.html). However, the role of ACCD in beneficial fungi has not been investigated in depth. The beneficial effects of Trichoderma spp. on plant growth and enhanced resistance to both biotic and abiotic

stresses are well documented (Yedidia et al., 1999; Harman et al., 2004; Shoresh et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the molecular basis of plant growth promotion is still unclear. The growth-promoting BIBW2992 activity of Trichoderma atroviride on tomato seedlings was recently proposed to be associated with a reduced ethylene production resulting from a decrease of its precursor (ACC) by microbial degradation of indole acetic acid in the rhizosphere and/or by ACCD activity present in the microorganism (Gravel et al., 2007). The

important role of auxin signaling in plant growth promotion by Trichoderma virens in Arabidopsis was shown recently by Contreras-Cornejo et al.(2009). In this work, we have isolated the ACCD gene from Trichoderma asperellum T203, a strain well known for its biocontrol and growth promotion activities. Using a genetic approach, we present evidence that this enzyme, similar to ACCDs of PGPR bacteria (Glick et al., 2007), is involved in the induction of plant growth promotion by this versatile fungus. A 531-bp fragment was isolated by PCR using degenerate primers designed according to conserved motifs (VQEHWVD and AFITDPVYEG) in fungal ACCD sequences of Aspergillus flavus (XM_002378519.1), Neosartorya fischeri (XP_001265664.1), P. citrinum

(AB038511.1) and Gibberella zeae PH-1 (XP_385209.1). http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk-j4-hcl.html The upstream regulatory sequence of Tas-acdS was obtained using the Universal GenomeWalker Kit (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) as described by Viterbo et al.(2002), using gene-specific primers (5′-CCTGCGCCTCCACTT-3′ and 5′-CGACCCTGTCACAGCACAAA-3′). The 3′ flanking sequence was obtained using the same kit with specific primers (5′-AAGTGGAGGCGCAGG-3′ and 5′-TTCTGGATGAGAGATTCAATGCC-3′). The GenBank accession number for the full before isolated genomic sequence of Tas-acdS is FJ751936. Total RNA was extracted according to Viterbo et al.(2002). RNA was DNAase treated and further cleaned using RNeasy Mini columns (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Total RNA (2 μg) was subjected to first-strand synthesis using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Lyon, France) according to the manufacturer’s procedure using oligo (dT) as a primer. As a negative control, the same reactions were performed in the absence of the enzyme. For quantitative RT-PCR analysis, a 140-bp fragment was amplified with the primers QAF (5′-CGGGAGGAAGCCGTATTACA-3′) and QAR (5′-CGACCCTGTCACAGCACAAA-3′). A 185-bp fragment of the Trichodermaβ-tubulin cDNA (AY390326) was used as a control reference. This was amplified with the primers QTF (5′-GACCTGCTCCACCATCTTCC-3′) and QTR (5′-CAGTGGAGTTGCCGACAAAG-3′).

On average, nine quarantine officers, four nurses, and two medical doctors are on duty daily. This work has been performed in compliance with

the Quarantine Law in Japan and dates back to 1879. Age and sex of travelers with diarrhea, as well as season of travel and travel destination, were obtained by questionnaires. In addition, the questionnaire identified date of arrival, flight code, place of residence in Japan, and symptoms that appeared during the buy BMS-354825 previous 4 weeks (including fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, abnormal bleeding, and cough). Travelers who had diarrhea at the time of arrival were questioned about the frequency of defecation, characteristics of the stool (bloody, consistency), other symptoms, and the food and beverages consumed while traveling. Quarantine officers and nurses entered selected information into a Microsoft Access database (Microsoft, Inc., Redmond, WA, USA). A total of 76,608,025 travelers arrived at Narita International Airport between 2001 and 2005. Of these, 60,765,529 (54.7% of all inbound travelers) entered Japan while the other 15,842,496 people either landed for transit purposes only or used alternate ports of entry into Japan. Of the travelers

entering Japan, 7,937,654 voluntarily submitted questionnaires (response rate = 13.1%) and 9,870 met the criteria for travelers’ diarrhea. Thirty-four patients were excluded from the analysis for lack of data. Finally, 9,836 respondents (1 per 807 of all respondents = 0.12%) were included in the study. The quarantine station does not obtain information Entinostat order regarding age and sex distribution of all travelers. We therefore obtained below the number of travelers according to age group, sex, month of arrival, and travel destination using the database of the Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Japan.14–18 Specifically, we referred to tables including “The number of people entering Japan,”“The number of people that entered via Narita,”“The number of travelers to Japan by month,” and “The number of arrivals to Japan by age and sex” in the database. We

used chi-square analysis to compare the estimated incidence of travelers’ diarrhea by age group, sex, month, and travel destination. A p value < 0.01 was defined as being statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Stata 9.0 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). To determine whether or not diarrhea incidence varies over time, we compared the number of all arriving passengers to those who had travelers’ diarrhea on a monthly basis and estimated the incidence of diarrhea. The number of inbound passengers decreased markedly after the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001 and during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003 (Figure 1, top). Both curves showed two peaks each year: one in March and another in August or September.

X.T.-M. was the recipient Selleckchem MEK inhibitor of a doctoral scholarship (2001 FI 00702) from the Government of Catalonia. Fig. S1. HMQC 2D NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S2. 2D NMR-COSY spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S3. HMBC 2D NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) used to determine long-range carbon to hydrogen connectivity of an aqueous

cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S4. Electrospray mass spectrum (a) recorded on ion positive mode from a collected fraction of a desalted aqueous cell extract of Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms grown in a salty Pfennig mineral medium (5% NaCl). Fig. S5. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 5% NaCl before the preparation of the compound NeABL. Fig. S6. Chromatographic preparation of NeABL from cell extracts of Chlorobaculum

parvum UdG6501Lms shown in Fig. S6. Fig. S7. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded Y-27632 concentration in D2O as a solvent) of a purified aqueous extract of NeABL. Fig. S8.1H-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of a purified aqueous extract

of NeABL (recorded in D2O as a solvent). Fig. S9. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as IMP dehydrogenase a solvent) of Oxoid yeast extract. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“Thurincin H is an antilisterial bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SF361. It exhibits inhibitory activity against a wide range of Gram-positive foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria including Listeria monocytogenes, B. cereus, and B. subtilis. This hydrophobic, anionic bacteriocin folds into a hairpin structure maintained by four pairs of unique sulfur to α-carbon thioether bonds. As its hydrophobicity and structure are quite different from most archived bacteriocins, this study aimed to elucidate its mode of action and compare it with the mechanisms of other well-characterized bacteriocins. The results indicated that, although bactericidal to B. cereus F4552, thurincin H did not lead to optical density reduction or detectable changes in cell membrane permeability. B.

Chickens were confirmed to be Salmonella-free by plating enriched faecal samples prior to the commencement

of the experiment. Full animal welfare considerations were in place, and the study conformed to local ethical review guidance and was conducted under Home Office licence PPL 30/2314. All birds were given water and feed ad libitum. Chickens were placed into experimental housing http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd5363.html 3 days prior to infection, 30 chickens per group. Bacterial cultures were grown statically for 18 h in L-broth at 37 °C. One millilitre of this culture (approximately 5 × 108 CFU) was delivered by oral gavage. Actual inoculum densities were determined by plating serial decimal dilutions onto Colombia blood agar (CBA) (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) followed by an overnight incubation at 37 °C. Fifteen birds were sacrificed at seven and

14 days postinfection. The spleen, liver, caecal contents, oviduct and ovary were removed from each bird. Organs were dipped in 70% alcohol and briefly flamed to surface-sterilize the tissue and weighed aseptically. Bacteria were released from whole organs by tissue disruption as follows. Dilutions of the organs were made: for spleen and liver 1 : 5 (w/v) in buffered peptone water (BPW) (Oxoid); for reproductive tissues 1 : 3 (w/v) in BPW; for caecal contents 1 : 10 (w/v) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Spleen and liver samples were disrupted in a Stomacher (Seward, Worthing, UK) for 1 min. Akt inhibitor Caecal contents were mixed by vortexing until uniform. Reproductive tissues were homogenized with a TissueRuptor (Qiagen, UK), and a separate sterile probe was used to disrupt each sample. Assessment of colonization for spleen, liver and Oxymatrine caecal contents was by direct enumeration; reproductive organs were scored for Salmonella positivity following enrichment. For enumeration, serial decimal dilutions of the organ samples were

plated onto Brilliant Green agar (BGA) (Oxoid) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. For the enrichment of spleen, liver, oviduct and ovary, homogenized samples were incubated overnight in BPW at 37 °C. Then, a 1 : 100 dilution into Rappaport–Vassiliadis (RV) broth (Oxoid) was made and the samples were incubated at 41.5 °C for 24 h. Ten microlitres of RV enrichment was then streaked onto BGA and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Salmonella were identified on the basis of colony morphology on BGA and confirmed by re-streaking positive samples onto xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (Oxoid). For the enrichment of caecal contents, homogenized samples were diluted 1 : 10 into selenite cystine broth (Oxoid) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Ten microlitres of enrichment broth was streaked onto BGA and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h and bacteria were identified as above.

Technology should therefore be used to link the three partners (patient, pharmacist, GP), with each having different responsibilities. In such an approach the patient will be responsible for managing their medicines according to an agreed schedule, carrying

out the home monitoring and providing feedback on symptom control through the connected health equipment. The results of this engagement will then be relayed (wirelessly or via landline linkage) to a central (web-based) data platform, which will automatically send back a positive, supportive message to the patient if control is being achieved. When disease management markers become out of control, they will automatically trigger an alert message to be sent to the patient and also to the GP or pharmacist (or both) for appropriate action to be taken. Having reviewed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html the findings, the GP or pharmacist

could then send a text message to the home base unit or telephone the patient to give advice. This type of approach could also be delivered from a hospital base (hospital doctor and clinical pharmacist), for example, during the first month (highest risk period for readmission) after a patient has been hospitalised, before ‘discharging’ the patient to the primary care providers when the patient is deemed to be stabilised. This ‘ward in the community’ concept could be a useful approach to addressing high readmission rates. Continued support could be provided from the hospital pharmacy team if community pharmacists do not wish to become engaged. There are some examples of pharmacist Stem Cell Compound Library high throughput engagement in

‘connected health’ in published studies to date, however, these have been the exception. Although a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine (evaluating a telemonitoring programme for heart failure patients) provided no evidence of benefit, further research is urgently required within this ‘space’ as Erastin cell line monitoring equipment becomes more sophisticated and user friendly. It is clear that not all patients will have the required self-efficacy to fully participate in this type of programme, or may have issues around privacy, and a test of suitability may need to be developed, in much the same way as a genomics test is used in personalised medicine. This would allow alternate approaches to care provision to be considered and help prevent unnecessary spend on equipment that will remain unused. It is clear that further rapid developments will be made in the connected health world in the near future. Pharmacists must become engaged or find themselves further excluded from the care of patients with chronic illness and pharmacy practice researchers must assist by providing the evidence base for this new paradigm in chronic disease management.

Insulin was administered outside the recommend times in 56% of sampled meals. Patients were more accurate in pre-prandial Insulin administration compared to nurses. Improvements in storage and ease of access of Insulin is key to promoting self-administration. The National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) 2012 estimated 15.3% of inpatient beds were occupied by patients with Diabetes, who on average spend longer in hospital than a patient without Diabetes, despite both being admitted for the same indication. Complications arise from incorrect or delayed timing of pre-prandial Insulin. HKI272 All rapid and intermediate acting Insulin’s

have a specific timeframe in which they should be taken prior to a meal to optimize glycaemic control. The timeframe is set by the manufacturers and stipulated in the

summary of product characteristics. The National Patient Safety Alert (NPSA)1 recommends systems are in place to enable hospital inpatients to self- administer Insulin where feasible and safe. The sample was obtained from 29 medical wards at a regional university hospital between 12–19th November. Within each ward, patients with a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 Diabetes were identified using the inpatient list and confirmed by the presence of a Think Glucose Sticker in the patient notes. Wards in which patients were admitted for 24 hours or longer were sampled. Patients over 18, deemed competent to understand and retain the purpose of GKT137831 supplier the audit and who were able to consent to participation were included. Initially 70 inpatients were identified, Enzalutamide mw however after excluding non-insulin dependant patients and those with impaired cognitive function and incompletely filled questionnaires the final sample size consisted of 29. Eligible patients were requested to record the exact time of their meal and when they received their Insulin in a data collection questionnaire over

a 24 hour period. The questionnaire also requested patients to document their preference to who administers their insulin. Eighty-seven meal times were analysed, from a sample of 29 patients each recording three meals a day. 41% of patients had their Insulin administered by a nurse during their hospital stay, whilst 59% self- administered Insulin. For 49 (56%) meals, the timing of insulin administration failed to meet the audit standard; to ensure patients received Insulin within the manufacturers recommended start time prior to a meal. The average delay in administration was 10 minutes after the manufacturers recommended time, however by 30 minutes, all sampled patients had received their Insulin. Nurses were accountable for 62% of meals administered outside the recommended time, and patients responsible for 53%. 79% of patients preferred to self-administer whilst in hospital. Findings show a poor adherence in administering Insulin within the manufacturers SPC recommend times.

Insulin was administered outside the recommend times in 56% of sampled meals. Patients were more accurate in pre-prandial Insulin administration compared to nurses. Improvements in storage and ease of access of Insulin is key to promoting self-administration. The National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) 2012 estimated 15.3% of inpatient beds were occupied by patients with Diabetes, who on average spend longer in hospital than a patient without Diabetes, despite both being admitted for the same indication. Complications arise from incorrect or delayed timing of pre-prandial Insulin. Metabolism inhibitor All rapid and intermediate acting Insulin’s

have a specific timeframe in which they should be taken prior to a meal to optimize glycaemic control. The timeframe is set by the manufacturers and stipulated in the

summary of product characteristics. The National Patient Safety Alert (NPSA)1 recommends systems are in place to enable hospital inpatients to self- administer Insulin where feasible and safe. The sample was obtained from 29 medical wards at a regional university hospital between 12–19th November. Within each ward, patients with a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 Diabetes were identified using the inpatient list and confirmed by the presence of a Think Glucose Sticker in the patient notes. Wards in which patients were admitted for 24 hours or longer were sampled. Patients over 18, deemed competent to understand and retain the purpose of Raf kinase assay the audit and who were able to consent to participation were included. Initially 70 inpatients were identified, acetylcholine however after excluding non-insulin dependant patients and those with impaired cognitive function and incompletely filled questionnaires the final sample size consisted of 29. Eligible patients were requested to record the exact time of their meal and when they received their Insulin in a data collection questionnaire over

a 24 hour period. The questionnaire also requested patients to document their preference to who administers their insulin. Eighty-seven meal times were analysed, from a sample of 29 patients each recording three meals a day. 41% of patients had their Insulin administered by a nurse during their hospital stay, whilst 59% self- administered Insulin. For 49 (56%) meals, the timing of insulin administration failed to meet the audit standard; to ensure patients received Insulin within the manufacturers recommended start time prior to a meal. The average delay in administration was 10 minutes after the manufacturers recommended time, however by 30 minutes, all sampled patients had received their Insulin. Nurses were accountable for 62% of meals administered outside the recommended time, and patients responsible for 53%. 79% of patients preferred to self-administer whilst in hospital. Findings show a poor adherence in administering Insulin within the manufacturers SPC recommend times.

smegmatis after addition of erythromycin at concentrations spanning the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1 (Fig. 2a). Incubation with erythromycin resulted in increased pre-tmRNA levels reaching a steady-state level after 1–2 h. At steady state, the change in pre-tmRNA level correlated significantly (R2=0.93, P<0.05) with erythromycin concentration. As pre-tmRNA levels remained in a steady state up to 4 h, a 3-h sampling time was chosen for future experiments. Extending the erythromycin concentration range up to 64 μg mL−1 demonstrated that the pre-tmRNA expression showed a significant dose response with erythromycin concentrations between 2 and 32 μg mL−1 (Fig. 2b), with a correlation coefficient

of 0.99 (P<0.001), as demonstrated in previous analyses. A peak increase in pre-tmRNA expression (31-fold) KU-60019 order was found in 32 μg mL−1 erythromycin, i.e. eight times the MIC. The apparent increase in pre-tmRNA level was not caused by a significant Tacrolimus decrease in the level of the reference

gene, sigA. Normalized to total RNA and to 23S rRNA gene, the levels of sigA mRNA after a 3-h exposure to 2 and 16 μg mL−1 erythromycin were, respectively, 92 ± 5% and 93 ± 4% of control cells incubated without erythromycin (P=0.8). To investigate whether other antimicrobial agents affected tmRNA, changes in pre-tmRNA levels were assessed after 3-h incubation in selected agents at three concentrations spanning their respective MIC. Figure 2c shows the relative pre-tmRNA levels Selleckchem ZD1839 associated with each agent at its MIC. Like erythromycin, other agents that target the ribosome (clarithromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline) increased pre-tmRNA levels. In contrast, cell wall synthesis inhibitors (ampicillin, ethambutol, and isoniazid) and other agents with nonribosome targets (rifabutin and ofloxacin) did not increase pre-tmRNA levels at their MIC (Fig. 2c) or twofold above and below MIC (data not shown). These results indicate that inhibition of the ribosome was important for the induction of pre-tmRNA, rather than a general stress response to antimicrobial agents. To compare the changes in

pre-tmRNA with concomitant changes in tmRNA, the levels of the two tmRNA species were assessed in the same RNA preparations, which were isolated from organisms exposed to erythromycin at 4, 8, and 16 μg mL−1 for up to 3 h (Fig. 3a). Pre-tmRNA was affected by exposure to erythromycin in a manner similar to that described above; by 3 h, the RNA levels had increased 11-, 18-, and 23-fold in 4, 8, and 16 μg mL−1 erythromycin, respectively. Erythromycin also raised the level of tmRNA (Fig. 3a); at 3 h, tmRNA levels had increased 6-, 6-, and 12-fold in 4, 8, and 16 μg mL−1 erythromycin, respectively. Thus, overall the erythromycin-induced changes in pre-tmRNA were more rapid and by 3 h showed a significantly greater magnitude of change compared with tmRNA for each drug concentration (P<0.05).

All statistical tests were performed using two-tailed p-values (P < 0.05) except for meta-regression where we considered P < 0.10 to detect potential heterogeneity among variables. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's method [37]. Analyses were conducted in stata (version 10; STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA). The search strategy initially resulted in 5408 articles. We identified 418 for detailed

review. After reviewing the titles and abstracts in detail, we excluded 385 studies that were not relevant to CVD with HIV. Of 33 articles selected for potential eligibility, 10 were excluded as they were unrelated to our study question. We also searched conference proceedings of the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) and International AIDS Society until 2010, and five out of 509 abstracts were selected [10, 11, 14, 15, 17]. A total of 23 studies were included, Alisertib in vivo of which 21 were observational studies and two were randomized trials. Details of the search strategies and exclusion process are provided in Figure 1. Of the 23 studies included in our analysis, three were cross-sectional studies, two were case–control studies, 16 were cohort studies and two were randomized controlled trials. These studies recruited PLHIV and HIV-uninfected people with an average follow-up of 5 years. The studies varied greatly with respect to various ART combinations used as comparator. Three

studies recruited this website PLHIV who were not ART-experienced and HIV-uninfected people and compared the RR of CVD events. Three studies compared PLHIV treated with ART with HIV-uninfected 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase people. Five studies compared PLHIV treated with ART with PLHIV without any treatment. Each of the identified studies was internally age-matched; the median age of the study populations was 40 (range 34–46) years. Table 1 gives the study characteristics in detail. Three identified studies reported the risk of CVD for PLHIV [19, 24, 27]. Lang et al. [19] compared 74958 PLHIV in France based on the France Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) with uninfected people aged from 35 to 64 years. The estimated

age- and sex-standardized RR of MI was 1.50 (95% CI 1.3, 1.7). Obel et al. [24] reported the RR of IHD for 3953 PLHIV compared with 373 856 control subjects to be 1.39 (95% CI 0.82, 2.36) and 2.12 (95% CI 1.62, 2.76) for the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras, respectively. This study was based in Denmark and the study population consisted of adults older than 16 years of age; both HIV-infected subjects and control subjects were well matched in terms of distributions of age, sex, emigration, loss to follow-up and comorbidities. Another study, conducted in the USA by Triant et al. [27], compared 3851 PLHIV and 1 044 589 HIV-uninfected people and estimated the RR of acute MI to be 1.75 (95% CI 1.51, 2.02). This study compared PLHIV with the control group where the study populations were aged 18 years or older.

The number of TM patients seen at each practice or clinic varied considerably; the median number was 267 per year (IQR 150–500 patients per year). Specialty vaccines used for travel were offered at a similar frequency compared with the 2005 survey (Table 3). TM consultations were most often between 11 and 20 min in length (67.3% of YFVCs). In addition to pre-travel health consultations, 72.6% of centers gave telephone advice. YFVCs were asked about TM training. Nurses had received some training in 96.7% of YFVCs compared with physicians in 32.2% of centers

(p < 0.0005). The number of physicians with TM training was less than in the baseline survey, where buy Obeticholic Acid 56.6% of physicians had such training. The most common type of training for nurses were study days run by vaccine manufacturers (87.0% of nurses had attended one), compared to 40.0% in the http://www.selleckchem.com/HSP-90.html baseline survey. Self-study was reported by 60.8% of nurses (Figure 2), and was the most common form of training for physicians (51.7%), followed by vaccine manufacturer

training days (44.6%). Forty percent of physicians attended vaccine manufacturer training days in 2005. Few nurses or physicians had membership of the Faculty of Travel Medicine (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow)23 (3.6 and 3.3%, respectively), or had passed the International Society of Travel Medicine Certificate of Knowledge examination in TM (1.5 and 1.9%, respectively)24; 7 to 13% had completed a diploma level course (a year of distance learning in TM). All but one YFVC reported having internet access at their

center, and nearly all of these centers had it available during a TM consultation (98.7%). Of those who did have internet access during the consultation, 84.8% used it for each patient, compared to the 44.0% who reported using it for each patient in the baseline survey. The internet was used during a consultation for country recommendations (95.9% of YFVCs), general TM information (83.1%), information sheets on travel diseases (80.5%), and information on global disease outbreaks (65.1%). The most frequently accessed websites were the NaTHNaC website (87.8% of respondents) and Health Protection Scotland’s TRAVAX website Thalidomide (73.5%). In contrast, the NaTHNaC website was used by only 18% of YFVCs in 2005. Regarding printed resources, the Department of Health book, Immunisation against Infectious Disease, which covers immunization guidelines for the UK (92.9%), and the British National Formulary, an information source about the use of medicines (71.9%), were the most widely used resources. Vaccine charts in health professional periodicals were used by only 29.5% compared with 73.7% in the baseline survey. The NaTHNaC telephone advice line was the most commonly used telephone line (77.1%), a marked increase from the 14.4% of centers previously using it. Respondents reported that training courses on travel health topics (69.