LØ conceived the study, supervised the laboratory work and data analysis HSP990 and participated in editing the

manuscript.”
“Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play key roles in the regulation of immune responses to a variety of antigens and immune sentinels as initiators of T cell responses against microbial pathogens [1–3]. In addition, during inflammation or infection, DCs are mobilized in and out of the peripheral tissues. Activated DCs are targeted to secondary lymphoid organs and toward T cell activation by antigen presentation [4, 5]. DCs can capture degraded bacteria or protein of bacteria and present their antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class molecules to T cells [6]. As a result, an adaptive immune response that specifically targets bacteria-derived antigens is initiated. NU7026 price Maturing DCs then migrate to the lymphoid organs, where they activate naïve T cells by stimulating antigenic peptide-presenting MHC type I and II receptors and their co-stimulatory molecules [7]. Therefore, DCs provide a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella species cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis in humans and pose a global threat to human health [8]. Salmonella also infect broad array of animals, resulting in diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infections [9, 10]. A recent report has shown

that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a bacterial pathogen capable of interfering with DC functions, and causes a typhoid-like disease www.selleckchem.com/products/jq-ez-05-jqez5.html in mice [11]. It has also been reported that the effect of selectively reduced intracellular proliferation of S. enteria serovar Typhimurium within APCs limits both antigen presentation and development of a rapid

CD8 T cell response [12]. Outer membrane protein (Omp) from S. enteria serovar Typhimurium was shown to contribute to confers protection against typhod. However, it is still not known if hosts mount protective immune responses against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, thus understanding how the immune system responds to these bacteria is essential for the development of an effective S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine. In oxyclozanide this study, we determined the effects of a non-cytotoxic concentration of purified outer membrane protein A from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (OmpA-sal) on the maturation and function of DCs. Our findings suggest, for the first time, that exposure to OmpA-sal induces phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs. Interestingly, exposure to OmpA-sal induced the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK via TLR4. The findings presented herein suggest that OmpA-sal induces activation of DCs and initiates an adaptive immune response by polarizing T-cell development to a Th1 response, information which will prove crucial in the development of a S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine.

Conclusion In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that mTOR inhibition by rapamycin suppresses lung cancer cell growth and sensitizes tumor cells to docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. The rapamycin-dependent enhancement of cancer-killing effects by docetaxel is associated with down-regulation of Survivin expression. Although the precise mechanism of interactions between rapamycin and docetaxel is not presently clear, their proliferation inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects may be exerted through down-regulating Survivin expression, either directly or indirectly. Our results suggest that a therapeutic strategy combining specific inhibitor Entospletinib mouse of mTOR with

cytotoxic agents may be a promising approach to an improved treatment of advanced lung cancer. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Science Funds of Liaoning Province (No.20082104) and a grant from the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Liaoning Province (No. 2009225008-10). References 1. Hay N: The Akt-mTOR tango and its relevance to cancer. Cancer Cell 2005, 8:179–183.CHIR98014 chemical structure PubMedCrossRef 2. Bjornsti MA, Houghton PJ: The TOR pathway: A target for cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer

2004, 4:335–348.PubMedCrossRef 3. Vignot S, Faivre S, Aguirre D, Raymond E: MTOR-targeted therapy of cancer with rapamycin derivatives. Annals of Oncology 2005, 16:525–537.PubMedCrossRef 4. Sparks CA, Guertin DA: Targeting mTOR: prospects for mTOR Adriamycin price complex 2 inhibitors why in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2010, 29:3733–3744.PubMedCrossRef

5. Guertin DA, Sabatini DM: Defining the role of mTOR in cancer. Cancer Cell 2007, 12:9–22.PubMedCrossRef 6. Guertin DA, Sabatini DM: An expanding role for mTOR in cancer. Trends Mol Med 2005, 11:353–361.PubMedCrossRef 7. Strimpakos AS, Karapanagiotou EM, Saif MW, Syrigos KN: The role of mTOR in the management of solid tumors: an overview. Cancer Treat Rev 2009, 35:148–159.PubMedCrossRef 8. Shaw RJ, Cantley LC: Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth. Nature 2006, 441:424–430.PubMedCrossRef 9. Ramalingam SS, Khuri FR: The role of the taxanes in the treatment of older patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2009, 14:412–424.PubMedCrossRef 10. Chu Q, Vincent M, Logan D, Mackay JA, Evans WK: Taxanes as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and practice guideline. Lung Cancer 2005, 50:355–374.PubMedCrossRef 11. Ramalingam S, Belani CP: Taxanes for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002, 3:1693–1709.PubMedCrossRef 12. Hu L, Hofmann J, Lu Y, Mills GB, Jaffe RB: Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase increases efficacy of paclitaxel in in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models. Cancer Res 2002, 62:1087–1092.PubMed 13.

Science 2007,317(5846):1921–1926.PubMedCrossRef 33. Tumova P, Hofstetrova K, Nohynkova E, Hovorka O, Kral J: Cytogenetic evidence for diversity of two nuclei within a single diplomonad cell ofGiardia. Chromosoma 2007,116(1):65–78.PubMedCrossRef 34. Selmecki A, Forche A, Berman J: Aneuploidy and

isochromosome formation in drug-resistantCandida albicans. Science 2006,313(5785):367–370.PubMedCrossRef 35. Alby K, Bennett RJ: Sexual reproduction in theCandidaclade: cryptic cycles, diverse mechanisms, and alternative functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010,67(19):3275–3285.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contribution JA and ML carried out the experiments and performed the data analyses. JA, ML and SGS contributed to the design and coordination of the experiments. JA wrote the manuscript. #learn more randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# ML and SGS participated GDC-0994 cell line in editing the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.”
“Background In the field of microbial ecology, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used for the amplification, detection and quantification of DNA targets since its introduction [1, 2], resulting in increased knowledge of the microbial world [3, 4]. However, the efficiency and accuracy of PCR can be diminished

by many factors including primer-template mismatches, reactant concentrations, the number of PCR cycles, annealing temperature, the complexity of the DNA template, and others. [5–7]. Primer-template mismatches are the most important because they can lead to selective amplification which prevents the correct assessment of microbial diversity

[8, 9]. Target sequences that cannot match the primers precisely will be amplified to a lesser extent, possibly even below the detection limit. The relative content of the sequences achieved is therefore changed, resulting in a deviation from the true community composition. Hence a comprehensive evaluation of bacterial primer coverage is critical to the interpretation of PCR results in microbial ecology research. Many related studies on primer coverage have been performed previously, but most are qualitative or semi-quantitative studies restricted to the domain MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit level [10, 11]. Low coverage rates in some rare phyla might have been overlooked. Although Wang et al. [12] investigated primer coverage rates at the phylum level, only sequences from the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) were used. This sole reliance on the RDP is another common limitation of previous studies. The RDP is a professional database containing more than one million 16S rRNA gene sequences. It also provides a series of data analysis services [13, 14], including Probe Match, which is often used in primer studies. However, despite the RDP’s large collection of sequences and extensive application, most of its sequences were generated through PCR amplification.

Mice were inoculated by intraperitoneal MAPK Inhibitor Library infection with 100 μL of inoculum containing a total of 1 × 105 bacteria (each strain at 5 × 104), consisting of an equal number of wild-type

and mutant strains. At 48 h after infection, the mice were sacrificed by carbon dioxide inhalation. The spleens were homogenized in cold PBS by mechanical disruption. The number of each strain in the spleen was determined by plating a dilution series of the lysate onto LB agar alone and LB agar with appropriate antibiotics. HDAC activation Each competitive index value was calculated as [mutant/wild-type] output/[mutant/wild-type] input and represented as the mean of at least three independent infections. Macrophage survival assay Cells of a mouse macrophage-like line, RAW264.7, Akt targets were diluted in DMEM containing 10% FBS and seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 5 × 105 cells per well. S. Typhimurium strains were used to infect RAW264.7 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 1. The bacteria were centrifuged onto the cells (500 ×g, 5 min) and incubated for 25 min at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator.

Cells were washed three times with PBS, and DMEM containing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (100 units/well; Peprotech) and gentamicin (100 μg/mL; Sigma) was added. After 95 min of incubation, the medium was replaced with DMEM containing IFN-γ (100 units/well) and gentamicin (10 μg/mL). The number of intracellular bacteria those was determined at 2 h and 24 h after infection. For the enumeration of intracellular bacteria, the cells were washed three times with PBS and lysed in 1% Triton X-100, and bacteria were quantified by spreading serial 10-fold dilutions of RAW264.7 cell lysates on LB agar plates to count the colony-forming units (CFU). Each experiment was repeated three times. β-galactosidase assay β-galactosidase activities of reporter gene fusions were determined according to a standard procedure [43]. Statistical analysis The competitive index, mRNA expression,

and bacterial proliferation in macrophage cells were compared using Student’s t-test. For comparative proteomics, the intensity of the spot was compared by one-way ANOVA. Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Acknowledgements We thank Toru Hattori (SCRUM inc, Japan) for 2-DE gel image analysis. We thank Kaori Dobashi, Nobue Nameki, Masato Hosono, Kohei Yamashita, and Ayako Mizuta for their technical assistance. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (17790291 and 22790415 for TH) and for Scientific Research (C) (17590398 and 21590490 for NO) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, and by a Kitasato University Research Grant for Young Researchers (2010 for TH). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1. Proteins identified on the reference map. (PDF 101 KB) References 1.

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der Linden M, Hilgers R-D, Arlt S, Al-Lahham A, Reinert RR, Plücken S, Rink L: Superantigen genes are more important than the emm type for the invasiveness of group A Streptococcus infection. GF120918 cell line J Infect Dis 2010, 202:20–28.PubMedCrossRef 17. Friães A, Ramirez M, Melo-Cristino J, the Portuguese Group for the Study of Streptococcal Infections: Nonoutbreak surveillance of group A streptococci causing invasive GSK2118436 purchase disease in Portugal identified internationally disseminated clones among members of a genetically heterogeneous population. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:2044–2047.PubMedCrossRef 18. Friães A, Pinto FR, Silva-Costa C, Ramirez M, Melo-Cristino J: Superantigen gene complement of Streptococcus pyogenes-relationship with other typing methods and short-term stability. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012. In press. (http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10096-012-1726-3) BTK inhibitor 19. Cockerill FR, MacDonald KL, Thompson RL, Roberson F, Kohner PC, Besser-Wiek J, Manahan JM, Musser JM, Schlievert PM, Talbot J, Frankfort B, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Osterholm MT: An outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal

disease associated with high carriage rates of the invasive clone among school-aged children. JAMA 1997, 277:38–43.PubMedCrossRef 20. Fiorentino TR, Beall B, Mshar P, Bessen DE: A genetic-based evaluation of the principal tissue reservoir for group A streptococci isolated from normally sterile sites. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:177–182.PubMedCrossRef 21. Ayer V, Tewodros W, Manoharan A, Skariah S, Luo F, Bessen DE: Tetracycline resistance in group A streptococci: emergence on a global scale and influence on multiple-drug resistance.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:1865–1868.PubMedCrossRef 22. Nielsen HUK, Hammerum AM, Ekelund K, Bang D, Pallesen LV, Frimodt-Møller N: Tetracycline and macrolide co-resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes: co-selection as a reason for increase in macrolide-resistant S. pyogenes? selleck chemicals Microb Drug Resist 2004, 10:231–238.PubMed 23. Malhotra-Kumar S, Wang S, Lammens C, Chapelle S, Goossens H: Bacitracin-resistant clone of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from pharyngitis patients in Belgium. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:5282–5284.PubMedCrossRef 24. Mihaila-Amrouche L, Bouvet A, Loubinoux J: Clonal spread of emm type 28 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes that are multiresistant to antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:3844–3846.PubMedCrossRef 25. York MK, Gibbs L, Perdreau-Remington F, Brooks GF: Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from the San Francisco Bay area of northern California. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:1727–1731.PubMed 26. Pires R, Rolo D, Mato R, Feio de Almeida J, Johansson C, Henriques-Normark B, Morais A, Brito-Avô A, Gonçalo-Marques J, Santos-Sanches I: Resistance to bacitracin in Streptococcus pyogenes from oropharyngeal colonization and noninvasive infections in Portugal was caused by two clones of distinct virulence genotypes.

Comparing FGO-DDA/PS with pristine PS, all of the peaks from the FGO-DDA/PS composite have lower intensities, and the -CONH-

peak appeared in the same region as FGO-DDA [22], which prove that FGO-DDA was associated with the PS matrix. Figure 1 FT-IR spectra of GO, FGO-DDA, FGO-DDA/PS composites, and neat PS. The elemental analysis was check details further used to confirm the covalent functionalization of GO with DDA. The N contents Syk inhibitor were determined to be 3.07, 3.17, 3.21, and 3.21 wt.% for reaction times of 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively, while the Cgraphene/O ratios were in the range of 2.01 to 2.43. After 12 h of reaction, the Cgraphene/N ratio tended to saturate around 12.5, corresponding to one DDA molecule per six aromatic rings on the GO sheet. Cross-sectional images of freshly fractured pristine PS and FGO/PS composites were observed using SEM (Figure 2a,b,c,d,e). As shown in Figure 2a,b, even with a small amount of FGO, the FGO/PS composite exhibited noticeably increased wrinkles compared to pristine

PS. As the FGO content increased, the wrinkles became finer, which indicates a strong interaction KU-57788 mw between FGO and PS. It is interesting to note that all of the FGOs were homogeneously dispersed onto the PS matrix even at high loading (10 wt.%). When the chain length of the alkyl group of the FGOs was increased, the wrinkles of the FGO/PS composite became larger and wider (Figure 2d,e), which can be attributed to the effect of the increased aspect ratio of the alkylamines

[23].The dispersions obtained at a 10 wt.% loading of the FGOs over PS composites were also observed by TEM (Figure 2f,g,h). Because the FGOs are compatible with the PS matrix, the FGO sheets were uniformly dispersed on the PS matrix, which is consistent with the SEM images. Notably, Vorinostat solubility dmso FGO-OA/PS showed a broad, plate-type dispersion on the transparent PS film, whereas FGO with a long length alkyl chain had a tiny droplet form on the PS film. Figure 2 Dispersion properties of FGO on PS. FE-SEM images of neat PS and the FGO/PS nanocomposites: (a) neat PS, (b) 1 wt.% FGO-OA/PS, (c) 3 wt.% FGO-OA/PS, (d) 10 wt.% FGO-OA/PS, and (e) 10 wt.% FGO-HDA/PS. TEM images of 10 wt.% (f) FGO-OA/PS, (g) FGO-DDA/PS, and (h) FGO-HDA/PS. TGA analyses were performed to investigate the thermal properties of the FGO/PS composites and pristine PS. In the thermal stabilities of FGOs (Figure 3a), the main mass loss occurred from 200°C to 500°C due to the decomposition of the alkylamine moiety [18]. The mass residues of the FGOs decreased with increased alkylamine length, from 60 wt.% for FGO-OA to 43 wt.% for FGO-DDA and 34 wt.% for FGO-HDA at 500°C.

Notably, 3 genes encoding putative pyruvate oxidases are harbored in the completely GF120918 manufacturer sequenced genomes of L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei ATCC 334, whereas 4 and 5 pox genes were

retrieved in the genome sequences of L. buchneri CD034 and L. plantarum WCFS1, respectively. Goffin et al. [36] reported that among the predicted pox genes encoded in the L. plantarum lp80 genome, only poxB and poxF appeared to be involved in the generation of acetate from lactate during the stationary phase of aerobic growth. Interestingly, poxB and poxF genes shared 63 and 61% amino acid similarity with TDF 93, respectively. To date, only one gene potentially encoding for pyruvate oxidase has been located in the complete genome sequences of the SLAB L. helveticus R0052 and L. delbrueckii

subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842. The pyruvate oxidase gene of L. rhamnosus GG with the highest homology to TDF 93 is flanked by genes whose order and transcriptional orientation are partially shared with L. casei ATCC 334 but not with L. buchneri CD034, L. plantarum WCFS1, L. helveticus R0052, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and L. brevis ATCC 367 (Figure 3A). In particular, spxB locus in L. rhamnosus and L. casei genomes is preceded by three genes encoding putative hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. These enzymes GDC-0449 chemical structure are known to be involved in the mevalonate pathway, routing acetyl-CoA towards isoprenoid biosynthesis. However, whether these proteins are actually expressed in L. rhamnosus and play a role in deviating the flow of acetyl-CoA from the acetate production via PTA and ACK during cheese ripening still remain to be determined. According to PePPER, spxB gene from L. rhamnosus GG was predicted to be monocistronically transcribed. Phylogenetic tree showed a clear segregation of putative pyruvate oxidases from L. casei group (Figure 4A). As expected, a subgroup

was represented by POX proteins from the SLAB L. helveticus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and L. delbrueckii subsp. Ibrutinib lactis. L. plantarum and L. pentosus homologues clustered together and close to L. buchneri. Multiple sequence alignment of TDF 93 and pyruvate oxidase protein sequences from several NSLAB and SLAB is shown in CH5183284 Additional file 1: Figure S1A. Figure 3 Schematic diagram for genome regions surrounding spxB, ulaE and xfp locus in diverse lactobacilli. (A), spxB. (B), ulaE. (C), xfp. Gene syntenies were explored using the web service SyntTax [27]. TDF-derived protein sequences were used to query the selected genomes. Genes corresponding to query proteins are drawn in bold. A consistent color coding allows identification of orthologs and paralogs. Some gene names are indicated. Normalized BLAST scores are visualized. Reference organisms: L. rhamnosus GG, L. casei ATCC 334, L. buchneri CD034, L. plantarum WCFS1, L. helveticus R0052, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and L. brevis ATCC 367.

Our experience suggests that skin ultrasonology, particularly when performed with an extremely high frequency probes, could be important for both the diagnosis and therapy management of KS, in association with color power Doppler flow imaging, to detect the vascular activity of the cutaneous lesions [18, 19]. Over many years of ultrasound activity, we observed Ruboxistaurin clinical trial that skin lesions in patients with CKS were structurally more homogeneous and with a lower signal at the color power Doppler, compared to similar

lesions in patients with AIDS-KS, which were less homogeneous and showed more intensive signals. Based on these observations, and after having obtained the consensus of the Ethics Committee, we conducted a randomised prospective-observational study, in which we used ultrasound to evaluate the morphology and vascularisation of erythematous-papular-angiomatous skin lesions in outpatients of the MRT67307 molecular weight Infective Dermatology Division of the San Gallicano Institute, who we subsequently referred to the Radiology Department. Methods The study population consisted MM-102 concentration of patients – with final diagnosis of KS – who presented at the San Gallicano Dermatology Institute in Rome- Italy – for the first time in 2010 and who had not been previously diagnosed or undergone to any treatment. A total of 24 patients with a final

diagnosis of KS were included in the study, of whom 16 had CKS (13 males and 4 females; median age: 70 years) and 8 had AIDS-KS (all males; median age: 47 years). All patients underwent complete clinical staging. For HIV-negative patients, we used the clinical classification criteria of Brambilla [8, 13], whereas for HIV-positive patients we use a modified version of the staging of Kriegel [9] and that of Stebbing [10], based on a score from 1 to 15 (patients with a score

of > 12 generally have a worse prognosis and require systemic chemotherapy, in addition to HAART). Among patients with CKS, 14 were in stage I-II-III A/B, with non-aggressive disease and slow clinical progression. The other two CKS patients were in stage Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) IV B, showing angiomatous plaques and nodules, which were prevalently localized on the lower limbs, rapidly evolving, and associated with local complications (lymphedema and bleeding). All patients with AIDS-KS belonged to the class C, with a score of >12. Histological examination of all of the lesions studied by ultrasound was performed on hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissue sections (4 μm) of biopsy samples, fixed in 10% buffered formaline and embedded in paraffin. Sections were also processed for immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of the endothelial associated antigens CD31, CD34 and podoplanin, a transmembrane mucoprotein described in a variety of lymphovascular neoplasms, including KS [20, 21] (D2-40 MoAb, Nichirei Bioscience, Tokyo, Japan) and HHV-8 LANA (anti-HHV-8 ORF73,LNA-1, Advanced Biotechnologies Inc, USA).

5 (3–25)   · ISS 25 (9–50)   · NISS 33 (13–66) IAP (# patients)     · <12 mmHg 10   · >12 mmHg (IAH) 10 IAP = intra-abdominal pressure; IAH = intra-abdominal hypertension as defined by selleck chemicals Cheatham et al. 2007 [9]. Primary objective – fascial closure rate Fascial closure was achieved in 13 out of 20 patients (65% of patients on an intent-to-treat basis) (see Table 3; see supplemental data for Kaplan-Meier estimate data). Fascial closure rate expressed as the percentage of survivors was 75% (12/16 patients) (data not shown). One patient died following fascial closure but the remaining 12

closed abdomens were stable at a follow up 8 days after closure although a superficial wound sepsis was present in one. The median time to achieve primary fascial closure was 3 days (CI) (n=20). Two patients were withdrawn from the study after 19 and 24 days of NPWT therapy because they developed a Grade 4 (fixed) abdomen and fascial closure was no longer an option (i.e. 4SC-202 ic50 they could no longer contribute to the primary objective). Each open abdomen was graded according to the WSACS classification [7] (Table 1) at the initial application of NPWT and at each subsequent dressing

change, including the final removal of the dressing. The grade of open abdomen for the majority of patients improved during the course of therapy. Table 3 Progression of open abdominal wounds from initial presentation to end oxyclozanide of therapy Grade Baseline End of therapy Closed 0 13 (65%) 1a 14 (70.0%) 2 (10%) 1b 5 (25.0%) 1 (5%) 2 1 (5.0%) 2 (10%) 2c 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 2 (10%) N 20 (100%) 20 (100%)* Progress of the wounds during therapy was assessed using the Bjorck et al. classification system. *one patient died less than 24 hours after having a baseline assessment. As no other data was available, it was assumed that the wound grade at death was the same as the baseline Selleck Quisinostat assessment (Grade 1A). Secondary objectives SOFA and APACHE11 scores decreased from medians of 11 and 14.5 at baseline to 9 and 12 respectively at the end of

therapy. There was no apparent relationship between IAP at baseline and achievement of fascial closure. Median time in ICU was 8 days (range 1–28 days, n=20). In the remaining patients, reasons for discontinuation of NPWT were death, (3/20; 15%), poor compliance (1/20; 5%), withdrawal for other reasons (1/20; 5% – persistent bowel hematic as a consequence of an extremely large viscera). Fluid contained in the waste canister was approximately measured and this formed part of the daily fluid management of the patient. A mean volume of 871 ml (median 700 ml) was present in the canister at dressing change. Blood loss into the canister was also an early sign of internal bleeding and allowed rapid intervention (data not shown). A range of complications were assessed and results are shown in Table 4. One fistula (5%) was observed during the study in a single patient who had received penetrating trauma.

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