As the etching time increased, the MRT67307 nmr R-plane was destroyed. Figure 5b click here presents the reflectivity of PSS-ANP templates that had been annealed for various annealing times. The reflectivity of the PSS-ANP template that was annealed for 5 min was approximately 99.5%, which exceeded that of the PSS. This fact may have contributed to the scattering and reflection from the surface topography of the PSS-ANP. Figure 5 Reflectivity of (a) etched

sapphire substrate and (b) PSS-ANP that had been annealed for various times. Figure 6 plots the light output power as a function of the injection current for the GaN-based LEDs with and without the PSS-ANP template. The light output power of all of the samples initially increased linearly with the injection current. At an injection current of 20 mA, the light output power for the GaN LEDs without the PSS-ANP template was 8.24 mW. All LEDs with the PSS-ANP template had doubled the light intensity of the LED without the PSS-ANP template at a low injection current between 10 and selleck chemicals 40 mA. However, the output intensity of LEDs with the PSS-ANP template that had been etched for 5 and 10 min was reduced as the injection current increased above 50 mA. At a high injection current, such as 100 mA, the PSS-ANP template

that had been etched for 20 min doubled the light extraction. This improvement in the light output power of the LED with the PSS-ANP template that had been etched for 20 min is caused by the thermal conductive effect of the void in the template structure. Figure 7 plots the typical logarithmic I-V characteristics of the GaN LEDs with and without the PSS-ANP template. The inset PAK5 plots the I-V characteristics in a linear scale. An injection current of 20 mA in the LEDs with and without the PSS-ANP template yielded forward biases of 3.7 and 3.75 V, respectively. The saturation

current of both LEDs was approximately 10−10 A. Both LEDs had the same electrical characteristics. Accordingly, the PSS-ANP template did not influence the electrical characteristics of the GaN-based LED because the active area of the GaN-based LED with the PSS-ANP template was separate from the optical reflective area. Therefore, combining the conventional GaN-based LED with the PSS-ANP template is an excellent means of improving the light output power of a GaN-based LED on a sapphire substrate. Figure 6 Light output power as a function of injection current of GaN LEDs with and without PSS-ANP template. Figure 7 Typical logarithmic I – V characteristics of GaN LEDs with and without the PSS-ANP template. Inset plots I-V characteristics on linear scale. Conclusion In summary, this study reports on the construction of a template by dispersing ANPs on a PSS to improve the light output power of GaN-based LEDs. The sapphire substrate was etched in hot H2SO4 solution to produce a mixture of polycrystalline aluminum sulfates.

The first research conducted was in humans, which demonstrated that HMB could significantly lower 3-methylhistadine following strenuous bouts of exercise [23]. However, only recently have its mechanisms of action been elucidated. The current study analyzed atrogin-1, an E3 ligase in the Ubiquitin

pathway, which is commonly LXH254 in vivo elevated in muscle wasting conditions such as aging [53, 54]. We found that HMB was able to attenuate the age-related rise in atrogin-1 mRNA expression in the soleus muscle. This is important as atrogin-1 mRNA expression has been demonstrated to be a predictor of long-term changes in proteolysis and muscle wasting [55–57]. Moreover Alisertib purchase past research has found gene expression of atrogin-1 to be elevated in aging muscle tissue [55, 56]. While our research analyzed HMB’s effects on transcription of components of the Ubiquitin pathway, researchers in the Tisdale laboratory have studied direct activity of

the Ubiquitin pathway [16, 22]. These researchers found that HMB decreased proteasome activity, expression of both alpha and beta subunits of the 20s chamber, and the ATPase subunits of the 19 s caps. Previous research from Baier and Selleck SB273005 colleagues [38] found that whole body protein synthesis increased up to 14% during a 12-month period when subjects consumed an HMB containing cocktail. We looked at the effects of HMB directly in skeletal muscle on 4EBP-1 gene expression, the inhibitory binding protein that prevents formation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2F complex which is rate limiting to translation initiation [58]. We did not see any aging or supplement effects on 4EBP-1. Our results agreed with Kovarik et al. Urease [51] who found that HMB was able to attenuate a sepsis induced protein catabolic state in rat skeletal

muscle primarily by blunting an increase in proteolysis, without preventing a decline in protein synthesis. However, a more recent study by Pimentel et al. [59] found that while HMB supplementation increased total mTOR protein expression, and phosphorylation of ribosomal protein s6 kinase (p70s6k) in healthy rats, that it was not able to increase the total protein expression of p70S6K. Thus the combined results from protein and gene changes from Pimental et al. [59] and our current study, respectively, may indicate that HMB does not directly regulate the expression of these two downstream targets of mTOR. Positive and negative regulators of mitogenesis and myogenesis In our previous research with old female rats, we found that IGF-IEa mRNA expression was increased in a group administered HMB during 10-wk resistance training [60]. The current study found no significant main effects for myostatin, MGF, or IGF. However, past research found that the addition of HMB to serum-starved myoblasts increased IGF-I mRNA in a dose dependent manner.

If the site of bleeding is identified in small bowel, resection and primary anastomosis is the gold standard surgical treatment. Perforation is another surgical emergency PI3K Inhibitor Library price in patients with Crohn’s disease [33]. It occurs in 1% to 3% of cases. The transmural nature of Crohn’s disease creates inflammatory adhesions between

bowel and local structures, so the perforation is often sealed. If perforation is suspected, the patient must be resuscitated and prepared to surgery. Jejunal and ileal perforations require resection and primary anastomosis if possible [1, 33, 31, 32]. 4EGI-1 molecular weight Otherwise resection with intestinal diversion is necessary. More than 25% of patients undergoing surgery for Crohn’s disease will have either an intra-abdominal mass or abscess, and 40% of these have an associated fistula [31]. An intra-abdominal mass may be the consequence of distended Dinaciclib supplier loops of proximal bowel caused by distant strictures, thinning of diseased loops, phlegmon with associated fistulae, or an abscess cavity [34, 35]. The cause of abdominal

abscesses is the transmural ulceration of the diseased bowel, which creates secondary adhesions to adjacent structures resulting in intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal or rarely intramesenteric abscesses. Progresses in interventional radiological techniques have increased, facilitating an improvement in patient’s general conditions before the eventual surgical repair. If general conditions are 4��8C favorable, in selected cases of perforation of the jejunum or ileum without abscess and early intervention, primary reconstruction is possible. However, having to do with intestinal perforation and abscessed small bowel, resection with fecal diversion is the gold standard surgical strategy. Intestinal obstruction is the main complication requiring surgical intervention in Crohn’s disease, affecting 35% to 54% of patients [33, 36, 37]. Because of transmural nature of disease process, obstruction can be the consequence of an acute

and active inflammation superimposing on a stenotic portion of the bowel. Fibrosis and scarring with stricture formation, and mass effect of an adjacent abscess or phlegmon are common events in Crohn’s disease. Although it is rare, a complete or near complete intestinal obstruction not responsive to medical therapy requires a surgical treatment [38, 39]. The treatment may be a resection or a strictureplasty depending on localization of the disease [34, 31]. Strictureplasty is a safe and efficacy procedure for small bowel Crohn’s disease in the long term [33, 40]. Strictureplasty should be reserved only for fibrotic stricture with inactive disease and only if resection is inappropriate [33, 41]. Resection has been for a long time the mainstay treatment of Crohn’s disease associated with small bowel strictures. However, recurrence rates are high and most of patients need multiple resections.

These deaths were mainly due to traumatic intracranial hemorrhage and/or brain edema after operation. To avoid these accidents, we took the following measures: 1) 22# trochar was replaced by 24# trochar; 2) transplantation volume was reduced to 2 mm3; and 3) the tumor tissues were pushed as smoothly as possible. Take rate is not the only criterion in evaluation of an orthotopic animal model, while how close a model can replicate the original tumors is more essential. As brain metastasis and primary glioblastioma are two biologically different malignances in the central

nervous system, we selected them both as grafts in this study to assess this novel method. When compared between the two models, metastasis 17DMAG nmr xenografts were evidently differentiated from glioblastoma xenograft in many aspects, however, when compared with their original malignances, both models demonstrated unquestionable similarity in histological structure features check details and growth patterns. Laurent et al. [10] performed both heterotransplantation www.selleckchem.com/products/ly333531.html and orthotopic transplantation of human glioblastoma, and concluded that the organ-specific environment play a determining role in growth and invasive properties. In the current study, two different malignances were transplanted into the same organ; however, the resulting tumors didn’t demonstrate the similar growth patterns. So, it is more

plausible and acceptable that it is the malignance itself but not environment that plays a determining role in the tumor growth patterns and other biological behaviors. With the identification of brain tumor stem cells from tumor mass or cell lines, it is reported that as rare as 102 CD133+ glioma cells could generate tumor mass, while as much as 106 CD133- glioma cells failed to form tumor mass after injected to the mouse brain. The fact that cell suspension injection of most established cell lines often yields well-circumscribed

intracranial tumors which are different from the original tumor, coupled with the complicated procedure of cell suspension injection precludes tumor stem cells as a desirable transplant [19–21]. In this study, the immunohistochemistry Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase with monoclone antibody against CD133 revealed that not only the original tumors, but the resulting tumors were positively stained for CD133. This result means the tumor tissues contained brain tumor stem cells and functioned as a tumor stem cell pool. It is reported that biological behaviors of tumor stem cells are highly dependent on their microenvironment [22, 23], in another word, CD133 negative tumor cells and stromal components also play an important role in the potential of tumor stem cells to re-establish the original tumor. Taken together, tumor stem cells, other tumor cells and stromal components make a concerted contribution to the growth of tumor mass in transplantation animal model.

Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:121906.CrossRef 14. Xue HL, Kong XZ, Liu ZR, Liu CX, Zhou JR, Chen WY: TiO 2 based metal–semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:201118.CrossRef 15. Chen CH, Tsai CM, Cheng CF, Yen SF, Su PY, Tsai YH, Tsai CN: GaN-based metal-insulator-semiconductor ultraviolet photodetectors with CsF current-suppressing layer. Jpn J Appl Phys 2012, 51:04DG15.CrossRef 16. Xu S, Qin Y, Xu C, Wei YG, Yang RS, Wang ZL: Self-powered nanowire devices. Nat Nanotechnol 2010, 5:366.CrossRef

17. Yang Y, Guo W, Qi JJ, Zhao J, Zhang Y: Self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97:223113.CrossRef 18. Bai ZM, Yan XQ, Chen X, Liu HS, Shen YW, Zhang Y: ZnO nanowire array ultraviolet photodetectors with self-powered properties. Current Applied Physics 2013, XMU-MP-1 in vitro 13:165.CrossRef 19. Li XD, Gao CT, Duan HG, Lu

BG, Pan XJ, Xie EQ: Nanocrystalline TiO 2 film based photoelectrochemical cell as self-powered UV-photodetector. Nano Energy 2012, 1:640.CrossRef 20. Wang ZR, Ran SH, Liu B, Chen D, Shen GZ: Multilayer TiO 2 nanorod cloth/nanorod array electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells and self-powered UV detectors. Nanoscale 2012, 4:3350.CrossRef 21. Lee WJ, Hon MH: An ultraviolet photo-detector based on TiO 2 /water solid–liquid C646 order heterojunction. Appl www.selleckchem.com/products/azd4547.html Phys Lett 2011, 99:251102.CrossRef 22. Cao CL, Hu CG, Wang X, Wang SX, Tian YS, Zhang HL: UV sensor based on TiO 2 nanorod arrays on FTO thin film. Sensor Actuat

B-Chem 2011, 156:114–119.CrossRef 23. Chen RS, Chen CA, Tsai HY, Wang WC, Huang YS: Ultrahigh efficient single-crystalline TiO 2 nanorod photoconductors. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 100:123108.CrossRef 24. Gratzel M: Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414:338.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have Urocanase no competing interests. Authors’ contributions The work presented here was performed through the collaboration of all authors. YX carried out the measurements of the TNA/water UV detector and drafted the manuscript. LW conducted the transmittance spectra measurements. GW grew the TNA photoanode. QL carried out the XRD and the SEM characterizations. DW deposited the Pt film and helped fabricate the device. YC supervised the work and finalized the manuscript. SY and GL analyzed the results and participated in the revision of the manuscript. LM and JJ proofread the manuscript and corrected the English. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Nanostructures with nanoscale apex have become the center of attraction for many researchers around the world. These nanostructures have been widely named as nanotips, nanocones, nanonails, nanopencils, nanojets, and nanoneedles. They are considered to be one-dimensional nanostructures with a significantly large surface-to-volume ratio which is very desirable for the development of various novel devices.

5 h at room temperature with peroxidase-linked secondary antibody (Roche), and signals were detected using Lumilight Plus Western blotting kit reagents (Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and luminescence imaging (LAS-1000, Fujifilm). Statistical analysis We used the χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests to evaluate the differences of staining of E-cadherin and Snail, Slug and Twist according to patient and RGFP966 cancer characteristics. The overall survival was

defined as the time between the date of surgery and the last date of follow-up or date to death owing to bladder cancer. The progression-free survival was defined as the time interval between the date of surgery and the date of progression/recurrence or date of last follow-up. The curves were done using the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test to assess the selleck products statistical significance. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine LGK-974 cell line the relative contribution of various factors to the risk of death,

recurrence, and progression. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Analyses were performed with SPSS 10.00 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Results Expression of Snail, Slug, Twist and E-cadherin in human bladder cancer cell lines The expression of Snail, Slug, Twist and E-cadherin was analyzed at the mRNA and protein level by semiquantitative RT-PCR(Fig. 1A) and western blot (Fig. 1B) in the human bladder cancer cell lines T24, HTB-3, HTB-1, HTB-2 and HTB-9. Slug was expressed with different intensities in all five cancer cell lines. The undifferentiated HTB-1 and T24 cells had a strong mRNA and protein expression of Slug, whereas the other 3 cell lines showed only weak expression levels. Twist mRNA and protein was detected in HTB-1 and T24 cells, no appearant Twist mRNA and protein

expression was found in other 3 cell lines. E-cadherin was detected in Adenosine HTB-2, HTB-9 and HTB-3 cell lines. The most undifferentiated cell line HTB-1 and T24 cells showed no E-cadherin expression. Snail was not detectable in all five cancer cell lines. To verify intact RNA and protein, β-actin was used as a positive control. Figure 1 Expression of Snail, Slug and Twist in five bladder cancer cell lines T24, HTB-1, HTB-2, HTB-3 and HTB-9. The analysis of the relative mRNA and protein intensity of Slug, Snail and Twist compared with E-cadherin showed that bladder cancer cells with a high Slug and Twist expression had no or only low E-cadherin expression. In contrast, cells with low Slug and Twist expression had high expression levels of E-cadherin. Expression of Snail, Slug, and Twist in correlation with E-cadherin in human bladder cancer tissue Slug(A), Twist(B, F), Snail (Fig. 2C and 2G) in primary bladder cancer tissue were identified in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus of cancer cells. In general, staining for Slug and Twist was more intense than for Snail.

A more detailed examination of the strains allocated to each cluster showed that all strains labelled as pathogenic were positive for the inositol fermentation (Ino) test, whilst Bioactive Compound Library screening the prospective non-pathogenic strains were negative for this test. Although this is not conclusively shown by the result of the Inositol test

in Test 1 and Test 2, the Test 1 data does indicate a bias towards strains with inositol fermentation in the pathogenic cluster. This suggested that either inositol fermentation was a requirement for pathogenicity, or that the genetic locus conferring inositol fermentation was linked to genes conferring pathogenic traits. This latter conclusion was supported by the two check details apparently pathogenic ST 4 strains which were negative for inositol fermentation (strains 552 and 553): strain 552 was isolated from infant formula, but strain 553 was associated with neonatal meningitis indicating pathogenesis. It is probable that the inositol fermentation gene was lost from these strains, but the pathogenic traits acquired alongside it remained. It should be noted that this test is different from the INO test in the Test 2 dataset, which we removed from the analysis as it produces

the same result for all Cronobacter strains. Table 4 Clusters from Test 4 dataset Cronobacter species MLST Type Cluster 1: potential non-pathogenic Source(number of strains) Cluster 2: potential pathogenic Source (number https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lazertinib-yh25448-gns-1480.html of strains) C. sakazakii 1 IF(5), C(1), Faeces(1)   C. sakazakii 3 IF(1), EFT(2), FuF(4), WF(1), U(1)   C. sakazakii 4 C(1), IF(1) C(8), IF(6), MP(1), WF(1), E(1), Washing Brush(1), U(2) C. sakazakii 8   C(7), IF(1) C. sakazakii 9 WF(1)   C. sakazakii 12 C(1) C(2), WF(1), U(1) C. sakazakii 13   IF(1), C(1) C. sakazakii 14 IF(1)   C. sakazakii 15   C(1) C. sakazakii 16   Spices(1) C. sakazakii 17   IF(1) C. sakazakii 18   C(1) C. malonaticus 7 C(6), F(1), WF(1), Amine dehydrogenase Faeces(1) C(1), MP(1) C. malonaticus 10   Herbs(2) C. malonaticus 11 C(2) C(1) All strains in cluster 1 (non-pathogenic) are

negative for inositol fermentation, all strains in cluster 2 are positive for inositol fermentation. For abbreviations in this table see footnote to Table 1. Sources of isolation and strain numbers are given in full in Additional File 1. Consensus Clustering Aggregating the clustering assignments based on the majority rule (two out of four) for the 48 strains which have data available from all four tests resulted in the clusters shown in Table 5. The results showed the majority of ST 4 strains were placed in cluster 2. However, there was still splitting of ST 1, 3 and 7 strains between the two clusters. There were also only 10 of the 48 strains placed in the non-pathogenic category. It was hypothesised that the results from Test 2 could be skewing the results, as this test did not differentiate between strains of different MLST sequence types.

During FIRST, the calcium and vitamin D https://www.selleckchem.com/products/R788(Fostamatinib-disodium).html status of all women was assessed, and they were given daily supplements of up to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium and up to 800 IU of vitamin D for a period of 2 weeks to 6 months. Supplementation doses and duration were adjusted for each patient according to their baseline calcium and 25-OH vitamin D status. After the run-in period, eligible women were proposed for enrolment in either the SOTI or TROPOS studies,

and supplementation was continued at the same doses throughout the randomised treatment periods of both these studies. The SOTI study included women ≥50 years of age with low lumbar BMD (<0.840 g/cm2 measured with Hologic instruments, T-score ≤−2.4) and at least one prevalent ABT888 vertebral fracture confirmed by spinal radiography. The TROPOS study included women with femoral

neck BMD <0.600 g/cm2 and aged ≥74 years or 70–74 years with one additional risk factor (history of osteoporotic fracture after menopause, residence in a retirement home, frequent falls or maternal history of osteoporotic fracture of the hip, spine or wrist). Study design and efficacy measurements Patients were randomised to receive strontium ranelate 2 g/day or placebo for 5 years (TROPOS) AR-13324 cell line or 4 years followed by a 1-year treatment-switch period (SOTI). In both studies, main efficacy analyses were performed at 3 years, and the vertebral fracture data over 3 years were used for the present analysis. Baseline refers to the commencement of the SOTI and TROPOS studies, Cell press not the time of inclusion in FIRST. Vertebral fractures were determined from radiographs taken at baseline and annually thereafter and were analysed in the same way in both studies. Radiographs were analysed by the semi-quantitative method of Genant et al. [22, 23], using a four-point grading scale: grade 0—normal; grade 1—mild deformity (20–25% decrease in at least one vertebral height); grade 2—moderate deformity (25–40% decrease); and grade 3—severe deformity (>40% decrease). A new vertebral fracture was defined as a change

from a non-fractured vertebra (grade 0) to a vertebra rated grade 1 or higher. All radiographs were analysed at a central facility (CEMO, France) blinded to treatment assignment but not to temporal sequence. Lumbar L2–4 and femoral neck BMD were measured at baseline, and lumbar BMD was measured every 6 months post-baseline by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using Hologic devices. All scans were analysed centrally, and a programme of cross-calibration across centres was performed throughout both studies [24]. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and then every 6 months. Serum samples were stored at −80°C and analysed centrally after a maximum 6 months period of storage (University of Liège, Belgium).

The ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

was programmed to take measurements every 15 to 30 minutes throughout the day and night, respectively. The oscillometric technique utilized a Spacelabs 90207 monitor (Spacelabs Medical Inc, Issaquah, WA, USA). The upper limit of normality for daytime ambulatory blood pressure was defined as 135/85 mmHg. In hypertensive patients, Captopril-stimulated study was performed after baseline assessment with 99mTc EC scintigraphy and 1 hour after oral administration of 25 mg. Statistical analysis was performed with StatView® using analysis of variance (Anova) or the test of Kruskal – Wallis.

The IC was set to 95% and significance was considered at p <0,05. BKM120 Results A total of 66 patients were admitted with high grades renal injury (grades III to V) secondary to trauma. All patients were successfully assessed with non-operative management after tomographic staging. find more Of these 66 patients, 31 of them agreed to be included in the study and were submitted to clinical, laboratorial, morphological and functional studies. Of 31 patients with renal trauma successfully treated conservatively, the median age was 23.9 years at the time of admission (range 4 – 60 years). Patient

gender, AAST renal injury grade, side of injury and presence of gross haematuria are listed in Table 1. Blunt trauma occurred in 27 (87.1%) cases: motor vehicle accident (8), motorcycle accident (7), pedestrian struck (3), Chlormezanone falls (5), animal related accident (3) and assault (1). Of the 4 penetrating traumas (12.9%): stab wounds (2) and gunshot wounds (2). Table 1 Patients characteristics at the admission   N (%) Gender:   Female 6 (19.4) Male 25 (80.6) Age:   Younger than 18 9 (29) 18 or greater 22 (71) Renal Trauma Grade:   III 13 (41.9) IV: 16 (51.6) IV p (parenchymal) 9 (29) IV v (vascular) 7 (22.6) V 2 (6.5) Side:   Left 15 (48.4) Right 16 (51.6) Gross haematuria:   No 2 (6.5) Yes 29 (93.5) Only 5 patients required blood transfusion (16.1%), a total of 4090 ml. Of these, 4 (80%) had grade IV renal trauma with vascular injury. All patients had normal serum creatinine at admission. The length of hospital stay varied from 2 to 27 days, and averaged 7.8 days. The time elapsed from admission for renal trauma to the initial follow-up varied from 1 year and 4 KU-57788 cell line months to 14 years and 5 months, averaging 6 years and 4 months, as shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference among the grades of renal trauma.

This profile was also seen in interactions with the two other isolates. Several other genes (adc, oat,

oct) showed the same expression profiles with an initial decrease followed by an increase at 24 h. Thus, upon depletion of arginine by Giardia trophozoites (after 1-2 h), expression levels of most host arginine-metabolizing enzymes are reduced, independent of the parasite isolate. The selleck chemicals llc results are summarized in Figure 1, which shows the complex gene expression changes occurring when Giardia trophozoites interact with host IECs. Figure 1 RNA expression changes of arginine-consuming enzymes upon Giardia -host cell interaction. Based on an interpretation of results from this MI-503 mouse and previous studies, the encircled numbers point out various ways by which Giardia interferes with the host immune response: (1) consumption of arginine via arginine-ornithine antiporter, (2) release of arginine-consuming ADI and OCT, (3) blocking of arginine-uptake into host cells by ornithine, (4) down-regulation of host iNOS, (5) up-regulation of host ODC, (6) up-regulation of parasite FlHb upon NO-stress. Human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) were in vitro interacted with Giardia trophozoites and the expression changes of arginine-consuming enzymes were assessed by qPCR.

Various enzymes involved in the arginine-metabolism of host cells and of Giardia are shown (adapted from Stadelmann et al 2012 [7]). Changes in expression after 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h as compared to 0 h are indicated for interactions with the parasite isolate WB according to Figures 2 and 4 (square Mdm2 antagonist for no change, triangle pointing up for up-regulation, triangle pointing down for down-regulation; cut-off value 2). Expression of inos and flhb in host cells that were stimulated with cytokines (TNF-α (200 ng/mL), IL-1α (200 ng/mL), IFN-γ (500 ng/mL) MTMR9 to produce nitric oxide is also shown (non-filled triangles for up- and down-regulation, non-filled square for no change). ADC, arginine decarboxylase; ADI, arginine deiminase; AGAT, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase; ARG,

arginase; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ASS, argininosuccinate synthetase; CAT, cationic amino acid transporter; CK, carbamate kinase; FlHb, flavohemoglobin; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; OAT, ornithine aminotransferase; OCT, ornithine carbamoyl transferase; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; p6C, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Figure 2 Expression of arginine-metabolizing enzymes in IECs upon Giardia infection. Differentiated Caco-2 IECs were in vitro infected with Giardia trophozoites of three different assemblages (isolates WB (squares), GS (circles) and P15 (triangles)) and expression of arginine-consuming enzymes in host cells was assessed after 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h on the RNA level by qPCR in technical quadruplicates.